{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T11:18:44Z","timestamp":1764587924893},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]],"date-time":"2018-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI\u201001\u20100145\u2010FEDER\u2010006683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI\u201001\u20100145\u2010FEDER\u2010006683"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Public Coop Econ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyse empirically whether cooperatives and investor\u2010owned firms differ in terms of productive efficiency. Using rich Portuguese panel data covering a wide range of industries, we apply two different empirical approaches to estimate potential differences in productive efficiency. The results from our benchmark random\u2010effects model show that cooperatives are significantly less productive, on average, than investor\u2010owned firms, both at the aggregate level and for most of the industries considered. However, the results derived from a System\u2010GMM approach, which is our preferred empirical strategy, are much less conclusive, and we cannot conclude that cooperatives are generally less efficient that investor\u2010owned firms. With either approach, though, we find no evidence that cooperatives are <jats:italic>more<\/jats:italic> productive than investor\u2010owned firms in any industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apce.12201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]],"date-time":"2018-03-06T07:58:42Z","timestamp":1520323122000},"page":"377-414","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["ARE COOPERATIVES MORE PRODUCTIVE THAN INVESTOR\u2010OWNED FIRMS? CROSS\u2010INDUSTRY EVIDENCE FROM PORTUGAL"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Nat\u00e1lia P.","family":"MONTEIRO","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minho  Portugal"}]},{"given":"Odd Rune","family":"STRAUME","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minho  Portugal"},{"name":"University of Bergen  Norway"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2008.123.3.1111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cooperative and investor\u2010owned firm efficiency: a multiproduct analysis","volume":"7","author":"AKRIDGE J. 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