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Although the \u2018caves as laboratory\u2019 paradigm has since been advocated by subterranean biologists, there are few examples of studies that successfully translated their results into general principles. The contemporary era of big data, modelling tools, and revolutionary advances in genetics and (meta)genomics provides an opportunity to revisit unresolved questions and challenges, as well as examine promising new avenues of research in subterranean biology. Accordingly, we have developed a roadmap to guide future research endeavours in subterranean biology by adapting a well\u2010established methodology of \u2018horizon scanning\u2019 to identify the highest priority research questions across six subject areas. Based on the expert opinion of 30 scientists from around the globe with complementary expertise and of different academic ages, we assembled an initial list of 258 fundamental questions concentrating on macroecology and microbial ecology, adaptation, evolution, and conservation. Subsequently, through online surveys, 130 subterranean biologists with various backgrounds assisted us in reducing our list to 50 top\u2010priority questions. These research questions are broad in scope and ready to be addressed in the next decade. We believe this exercise will stimulate research towards a deeper understanding of subterranean biology and foster hypothesis\u2010driven studies likely to resonate broadly from the traditional boundaries of this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T03:20:36Z","timestamp":1598412036000},"page":"1855-1872","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":120,"title":["Fundamental research questions in subterranean biology"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4471-9055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Mammola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS) University of Helsinki  Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13 Helsinki 00100 Finland"},{"name":"Molecular Ecology Group (MEG) Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR)  Corso Tonolli, 50 Pallanza 28922 Italy"}]},{"given":"Isabel R.","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"cE3c \u2013 Centre for Ecology Evolution and Environmental Changes\/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos A\u00e7ores, Faculty of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences, Rua Capit\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o d'\u00c0vila  Pico da Urze Angra do Hero\u00edsmo Azores 9700\u2010042 Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria E.","family":"Bichuette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Subterranean Studies Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos  Rodovia Washington Lu\u00eds km 235 S\u00e3o Carlos S\u00e3o Paulo 13565\u2010905 Brazil"}]},{"given":"Paulo A. V.","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"cE3c \u2013 Centre for Ecology Evolution and Environmental Changes\/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos A\u00e7ores, Faculty of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences, Rua Capit\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o d'\u00c0vila  Pico da Urze Angra do Hero\u00edsmo Azores 9700\u2010042 Portugal"}]},{"given":"Naowarat","family":"Cheeptham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science Thompson Rivers University  805 TRU Way Kamloops British Columbia Canada"}]},{"given":"Steven J. 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Washington DC 20016 U.S.A."}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Deharveng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR7205 \u2013 ISYEB Museum national d'Histoire naturelle  45 rue Buffon (CP50) Paris 75005 France"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Eme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFREMER Centre Atlantique Unit\u00e9 Ecologie et Mod\u00e8les pour l'Halieutique  Rue de l'\u00cele d'Yeu Nantes 44980 France"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Lopes","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Studies in Subterranean Biology, Biology Department Federal University of Lavras  Campus Universit\u00e1rio Lavras Minas Gerais CEP 37202\u2010553 Brazil"}]},{"given":"Cene","family":"Fi\u0161er","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SubBio Lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana  Jamnikarjeva 101, PO BOX 2995 Ljubljana SI\u20101000 Slovenia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4576-5173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u017diga","family":"Fi\u0161er","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SubBio Lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana  Jamnikarjeva 101, PO BOX 2995 Ljubljana SI\u20101000 Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Daniel W.","family":"Fong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology American University  4400 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. 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