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A rigorous screening and quality appraisal process was applied using the Joanna Briggs Institute's critical appraisal checklists, resulting in the inclusion of 124 studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Risk factors were predominantly parent\u2010related (e.g., excessive parental screen use, technoference, absence of screen rules), followed by contextual (e.g., low SES, lower parental education) and child\u2010level factors (e.g., early and unsupervised access to screens). Screen exposure was linked to multiple adverse outcomes across developmental, psychosocial, physical, educational and relational domains (e.g., language delays, cognitive deficits, emotional dysregulation, increased obesity risk and weakened parent\u2013child interactions). Conversely, a smaller subset of studies highlighted protective factors and potential developmental benefits under specific conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Screen exposure in early childhood is a multifaceted phenomenon shaped by individual, familial and contextual determinants. While excessive and unregulated use poses clear developmental risks, structured and intentional media engagement may support developmental benefits. Future longitudinal and experimental research is needed to clarify causal pathways and inform evidence\u2010based policy and parenting practices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.70241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:25Z","timestamp":1770163225000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Factors Contributing to Screen Exposure in Preschool Children and Its Associated Outcomes: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5148-3669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria\u00a0In\u00eas","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE\u2010Health, School of Health Sciences University of Aveiro  Aveiro 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