{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:56:45Z","timestamp":1775869005637,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000875","name":"Pew Charitable Trusts","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000875","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP210103091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP210103091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Conservation Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Marine megafauna species are affected by a wide range of anthropogenic threats. To evaluate the risk of such threats, species\u2019 vulnerability to each threat must first be determined. We build on the existing threats classification scheme and ranking system of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species by assessing the vulnerability of 256 marine megafauna species to 23 at\u2010sea threats. The threats we considered included individual fishing gear types, climate\u2010change\u2010related subthreats not previously assessed, and threats associated with coastal impacts and maritime disturbances. Our ratings resulted in 70 species having high vulnerability (\n v<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0>\u00a00.778 out of 1) to at least 1 threat, primarily drifting longlines, temperature extremes, or fixed gear. These 3 threats were also considered to have the most severe effects (i.e., steepest population declines). Overall, temperature extremes and plastics and other solid waste were rated as affecting the largest proportion of populations. Penguins, pinnipeds, and polar bears had the highest vulnerability to temperature extremes. Bony fishes had the highest vulnerability to drifting longlines and plastics and other solid waste; pelagic cetaceans to 4 maritime disturbance threats; elasmobranchs to 5 fishing threats; and flying birds to drifting longlines and 2 maritime disturbance threats. Sirenians and turtles had the highest vulnerability to at least one threat from all 4 categories. Despite not necessarily having severe effects for most taxonomic groups, temperature extremes were rated among the top threats for all taxa except bony fishes. The vulnerability scores we provide are an important first step in estimating the risk of threats to marine megafauna. Importantly, they help differentiate scope from severity, which is key to identifying threats that should be prioritized for mitigation.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.70147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T14:01:17Z","timestamp":1763128877000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Vulnerability of marine megafauna to global at\u2010sea anthropogenic threats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8983-0443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"VanCompernolle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering & Oceans Institute The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia"},{"name":"Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Kensington WA Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7572-7090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliet","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7541-9584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah J.","family":"Calich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia"},{"name":"Oceans Institute The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6593-5032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge P.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Mediterr\u00e1neo de Estudios Avanzados IMEDEA (CSIC\u2010UIB) Esporles Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de F\u00edsica Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos IFISC (CSIC\u2010UIB) Palma de Mallorca Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5950-4949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Marley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scotland's Rural College (SRUC) Aberdeen UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2353-1149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica R.","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1987-5045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Briana","family":"Abrahms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Center for Ecosystem Sentinels University of Washington Seattle Washington USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8648-8817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katya","family":"Abrantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Data Technology Hub, College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville QLD Australia"},{"name":"Biopixel Oceans Foundation Cairns QLD Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9129-278X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 S.","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology \u2010 Science for People & the Planet (CFE), Associate Laboratory TERRA University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5751-2512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1994-0919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrews","family":"Agyekumhene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine and Fisheries Sciences, School of Biological Sciences University of Ghana Accra 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