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Here, we developed a spatially explicit vulnerability framework incorporating sensitivity, exposure, and adaptive capacity of species living in one of the largest networks of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) within the EU.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Location<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Azores Marine Park, North Atlantic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We quantified benthic, benthopelagic, and pelagic species sensitivity to temperature changes based on adult thermal affinity and georeferenced their distribution with quality\u2010controlled records from various data compilators. To assess their exposure, we extracted historical (1995\u20132020) temperatures across latitudes, longitudes, and depths and calculated mean interannual change (i.e., increase or decrease) and variability. We estimated the adaptive capacity of species with traits related to relocation ability during\u00a0adult and early life stages (i.e., \u201cMotility\u201d and \u201cDevelopmental Mechanism\u201d) using the FUN Azores trait database. To map the results, we pooled the species into 3D\u2010regions of 0.25\u00b0 \u00d7\u20090.25\u00b0 resolution and 50 and 500\u2009m depth bands at shallow and deep areas, respectively. We assigned a sensitivity, exposure, and adaptive capacity score to each region based on species scores and combined them into a final vulnerability class (i.e., \u201cHighly Vulnerable\u201d (HV), \u201cAdvisable Monitoring\u201d (AM), \u201cExpected Relocation\u201d (ER), and \u201cLeast Concern\u201d (LC)).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HV and AM regions exist only in the benthic environment across various MPAs and depths. Increased mobility of species explains the absence of the most vulnerable categories in the benthopelagic and pelagic environments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We advise strong conservation measures in HV areas and to maintain connectivity with climate refugia and monitoring of environmental variables and populations in areas classified as AM and ER, respectively. Our results suggest that the Azores deep\u2010sea benthos is the most vulnerable environment to both warming and temperature variations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.70059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T07:39:41Z","timestamp":1759217981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mapping the Azores Marine Park Vulnerability to Temperature Changes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7308-0556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neus","family":"Campany\u00e0\u2010Llovet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Em Ci\u00eancias Do Mar \u2013 OKEANOS University of the Azores  Azores Portugal"}]},{"given":"Amanda E.","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Ecosystem Change and Conservation University of Victoria  Victoria British Columbia Canada"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Cola\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Em Ci\u00eancias Do Mar \u2013 OKEANOS University of the Azores  Azores Portugal"},{"name":"IMAR \u2013 Instituto Do Mar, Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas University of the Azores  Horta Portugal"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2015.00104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.12250"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041\u2010210X.13675"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"Assembleia Legislativa da Regi\u00e3o Aut\u00f3noma dos A\u00e7ores Decreto Legislativo Regional no. 13\/2016\/A. 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