{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T18:37:17Z","timestamp":1777660637202,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,8]],"date-time":"2016-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1457395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005720","name":"Geological Society of America","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005720","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009455","name":"West Virginia University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009455","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geofluids"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Salar Ignorado is a shallow acid saline lake hosted by a small intervolcanic basin high in the Andes Mountains of northern Chile. Modern surface waters have 3.3\u20134.1 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pH<\/jats:styled-content>, 0.5\u20133% total dissolved solids (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TDS<\/jats:styled-content>) and are actively precipitating gypsum crystals. The gypsum crystals trap the acid saline water as fluid inclusions, providing a record of recent surface water characteristics. Salar Ignorado gypsum contains three distinct types of primary fluid inclusions, which result from growth of the gypsum from surface waters. Petrography and microthermometry were performed on 27 gypsum crystals from Salar Ignorado to gain an understanding of recent water chemistry of the salar. One 18.3\u2010cm\u2010long gypsum crystal, hosting primary fluid inclusions along 28 successive growth bands, was the focus for fluid inclusion studies and allowed a record of high\u2010resolution chemical trends. This crystal showed a change in parent fluids during growth, from low salinity, to high salinity, back to low salinity. At the bottom of the crystal, the lowest six fluid inclusion assemblages have salinities of 1.7\u20135.1 eq. wt. % NaCl. The next nine fluid inclusion assemblages have significantly higher salinity (18.6\u201327.4 eq. wt. % NaCl) inclusions. The twelve fluid inclusion assemblages near the top of the crystal have low salinity (0.9\u20138.3 eq. wt. % NaCl) like those at the bottom of the crystal. The high\u2010salinity fluid inclusions in the middle of this gypsum crystal are interpreted to have formed during a pulse of magmatic\/hydrothermal fluids to the surface, perhaps during local active volcanism. Secondary evidence of a magmatic influence on surface waters includes hydrogen sulfide and high molecular weight solid hydrocarbons within some fluid inclusions. This study is among the first detailed fluid inclusion studies of gypsum and suggests that fluid inclusions in gypsum can be paleo\u2010hydrogeologic proxies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gfl.12171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,15]],"date-time":"2016-02-15T15:01:27Z","timestamp":1455548487000},"page":"490-506","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A fluid inclusion record of magmatic\/hydrothermal pulses in acid Salar Ignorado gypsum, northern Chile"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"suffix":"III","given":"F. J.","family":"Karmanocky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology and Geography West Virginia University Morgantown WV USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. C.","family":"Benison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology and Geography West Virginia University Morgantown WV USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"614","article-title":"Middle Miocene gypsum, Gulf of Suez: marine or nonmarine","volume":"65","author":"Attia OE","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Sedimentary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gfl.12053"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2013.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/GSATG231A.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2541(98)00127-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"433","article-title":"Sedimentology of two acid saline lakes in the high Andes of northern Chile","volume":"39","author":"Benison KC","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/G35542.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/31917"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"BenisonKC BowenBB FosterRM JagnieckiEA LaClairDA WalkerJ GonzalezMM SirbescuMC StudentJJ StorySL Oboh\u2010IkuenobeFE HongBY MormileMR Storrie\u2010LombardiM JohnsonSS(2007a)Field observations and lab tests of acid brines: Implications for past deposition diagenesis and life on Mars. 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