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Employing a convergent parallel mixed\u2010methods design through a nationwide survey and interviews, it reveals a two\u2010tiered system shaped by funding availability and diversity. Higher education institutions leverage a diversified portfolio of internal, national, and European funds to fuel ambitious, competitive agendas that reflect their complex missions. In contrast, the non\u2010tertiary sectors (School, Adult and Vocational Education) are critically dependent on a single source, Erasmus+, a dependency that channels their efforts primarily towards mobility, constraining their strategic autonomy and creating a structural inequality within the national system. The study argues that funding is not a neutral facilitator but a powerful force that influences the scope and nature of internationalisation. It concludes by proposing future research avenues and policy actions to foster more equitable international engagement across sectors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/hequ.70124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T05:38:31Z","timestamp":1775281111000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Funding Internationalisation of Education in Portugal: Evidence From Higher and Non\u2010Higher Education Institutions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6039-8194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Sin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Education and Development, CeiED, Lus\u00f3fona University  Porto Portugal"}]},{"given":"Diogo","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, CEMF.UP, University of Porto  Porto Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cosmin","family":"Nada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Studies in Sociology (CIES), ISCTE, University Institute of Lisbon  Lisbon Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5462-4914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joyce","family":"Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Higher Education Policies (CIPES)  Matosinhos Portugal"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, University of Porto  Porto Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8750-2032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orlanda","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIEC\u2014Research Centre on Child Studies, University of Minho  Braga Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Biscaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Higher Education Policies (CIPES)  Matosinhos Portugal"},{"name":"School of Economics and Management, University of Porto  Porto Portugal"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/jdis-2023-0015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22521\/edupij.2025.14.74"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1028315307303542"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440231218495"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-48622-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-6300-301-8_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hequ.12417"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09571736.2023.2193581"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","volume-title":"The National Report on the Implementation and Significance of the Erasmus+ Programme in Slovakia (2014\u20132023)","author":"Brestensk\u00e1 B.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejed.12379"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1028315319829878"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03057925.2022.2108376"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11233-023-09121-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32674\/jis.v5i4.412"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","volume-title":"Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches","author":"Creswell J. 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