{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T20:22:32Z","timestamp":1780345352292,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,16]],"date-time":"2004-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1082073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brit J Educational Tech"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This paper presents an exploratory study that investigates the effects of online learning on distance education students in an open university context. Two hypotheses are posited: (1) a direct relationship exists between students\u2019 involvement in online learning and distance learning outcomes, and (2) an indirect relationship exists between these two domains via the mediating variable of an institutional Transactional Presence (TP), that is, a student's sense of the availability of and connectedness with an educational institution. Student learning achievement, satisfaction and intent\u2010to\u2010persist are used as indicators of outcomes of distance learning. The analysis of data garnered from 285 distance students reveals multifaceted relationships between students\u2019 engagement in online learning, their perceptions of institutional TP and the three learning outcome variables. Besides the findings, the paper will discuss factors affecting students\u2019 engagement in online learning in relation to different requirements, that is, optional or compulsory online use as well as the level of the course (undergraduate or postgraduate).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0007-1013.2004.00389.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,16]],"date-time":"2004-04-16T04:25:37Z","timestamp":1082089537000},"page":"275-288","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Direct and indirect effects of online learning on distance education"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Namin","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason K.Y.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08886504.1994.10782109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:IHIE.0000008149.23573.3f"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2729.1999.151075.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8535.00133"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"University faculty and student perceptions of web\u2010based instruction","volume":"13","author":"Daugherty M","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Distance Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02680510220146878"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","unstructured":"GibsonC C(1991 May)Changing perceptions of learners and learning at a distance: A review of selected recent researchPaper presented at the second American Symposium on research in distance education Pennsylvania State University University Park."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009921907828"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08923649409526853"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","volume-title":"Evaluation of the part\u2010time student experience","author":"Kember D","year":"2001"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"The use and effects of web\u2010based instruction: evidence from a single\u2010source study","volume":"11","author":"Lu A X Y","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Interactive Learning Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","volume-title":"Report of first survey of students in OUHK online courses","author":"OUHK Working Group","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","unstructured":"ShinN(2001)Beyond interaction: transactional presence and distance learning. Unpublished doctoral dissertation Pennsylvania State University University Park."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Institution's presence: its significance to distance learning","author":"Shin N","year":"2002","journal-title":"Global E-Journal of Open, Flexible and Distance Learning"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02680510220146887"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","volume-title":"Advancing online teaching and learning in Asia","author":"Shin N","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"The human dimension in Open University study","author":"Student Research Centre I E T OU","year":"1986","journal-title":"Open Learning"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02680510120084977"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3233\/EFI-2001-19201","article-title":"Using students\u2019 perceptions of participation in collaborative learning activities in the design of online learning environments","volume":"19","author":"Zafeiriou G","year":"2001","journal-title":"Education for Information"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Educational Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.0007-1013.2004.00389.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bera-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.0007-1013.2004.00389.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T14:28:45Z","timestamp":1761748125000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bera-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.0007-1013.2004.00389.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,16]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.0007-1013.2004.00389.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0007-1013.2004.00389.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1013","1467-8535"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1013","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-8535","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,16]]}}}