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These include instrument choice, linguistic factors, and cultural or philosophical differences, which may render an instrument inappropriate, even when expertly translated. Publication bias arises when studies encountering difficulties do not admit to these, or are not published at all. As an educative guide to the potential pitfalls involved in the cross\u2010cultural adaptation process, this article reports the conceptual, linguistic, and methodological experiences of researchers in six countries, who translated and adapted the Mother\u2010Generated Index, a quality of life tool originally developed in English.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title><jats:p>Principal investigator experience from six stand\u2010alone studies (two published) ranging from postgraduate research to citywide surveys.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion\/implications for nursing<\/jats:title><jats:p>This analysis of a series of stand\u2010alone cross\u2010cultural studies provides lessons about how conceptual issues, such as the uniqueness of perceived quality of life and the experience of new motherhood, can be addressed. This original international approach highlights practical lessons relating to instrument choice, and the resources available to researchers with different levels of experience. Although researchers may be confident of effective translation, conceptual and practical difficulties may be more problematic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Instrument choice is crucial. Researchers must negotiate adequate resources for cross\u2010cultural research, including time, translation facilities, and expert advice about conceptual issues.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2012.06098.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,20]],"date-time":"2012-07-20T22:24:24Z","timestamp":1342823064000},"page":"970-980","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Cross\u2010cultural adaptation and translation of a quality of life tool for new mothers: a methodological and experiential account from six countries"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Symon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing &amp; Midwifery University of Dundee UK"}]},{"given":"Jitender","family":"Nagpal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research New Delhi India"}]},{"given":"Irena","family":"Maniecka\u2010Bry\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social and Preventive Medicine Medical University of Lodz Poland"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Nowakowska\u2010G\u0142\u0105b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social and Preventive Medicine Medical University of Lodz Poland"}]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Rashidian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Management and Economics School of Public Health Knowledge Utilization Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran"}]},{"given":"Roghayeh","family":"Khabiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Management and Economics School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Superior Nursing School of Coimbra Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Karina Bezerra","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Superior Nursing School of Federal University of Ceara (UFC) Fortaleza Ceara Brazil"}]},{"given":"Mirna Fontenele","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Ceara (UFC) Fortaleza Ceara Brazil"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing Peking Union Medical College Beijing China"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"C. 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