{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T07:23:55Z","timestamp":1761895435987},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,7]],"date-time":"2012-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1328572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Animal Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>1.<\/jats:bold>\u2002Disruptive natural selection resulting from specialization on different hosts is recognized as one of the most important driving forces in the diversification of herbivores and parasites. It has been proposed that a similar mechanism could apply to carnivorous predators too, although the evidence is still lacking.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>2.<\/jats:bold>\u2002Here, we show that the differentiation of biotypes of specialized ant\u2010eating spiders of the genus<jats:italic>Zodarion<\/jats:italic>has probably been induced by prey\u2010shifting. We focused on two forms of one species<jats:italic>Z.\u00a0styliferum<\/jats:italic>from the Iberian Peninsula that presumably represent ecological races. We conducted geographic, ecological, venom\u2010oriented, reproductive and genetic divergence analysis among multiple populations collected at a number of sites across Portugal and Madeira.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>3.<\/jats:bold>\u2002Geographic analysis revealed that the two forms occur in mosaic sympatry. Each form was found to associate in nature with a different ant species in a different habitat. Specifically, the<jats:italic>styliferum<\/jats:italic>form hunted predominantly<jats:italic>Messor<\/jats:italic>ants, and the<jats:italic>extraneum<\/jats:italic>form hunted mainly<jats:italic>Camponotus<\/jats:italic>ants. Laboratory experiments revealed that the two forms exhibit a significant preference for attacking focal ants, demonstrating higher paralysis efficiency, and also show different venom composition. Cross\u2010mating of the two forms was significantly less likely than between pairs of the same form, suggesting moderate assortative mating. Phylogenetic analyses indicate low genetic differentiation of the two forms and parallel\u2010repeated evolution of biotypes.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>4.<\/jats:bold>\u2002Adaptive prey\u2010shifting correlated with habitat preference are at present the most valid explanations for biotype formation in<jats:italic>Zodarion<\/jats:italic>. The speciation of ant\u2010eating<jats:italic>Zodarion<\/jats:italic>spiders thus appears to follow a scenario similar to that of host\u2010shifting in parasites and herbivores.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2012.01957.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,7]],"date-time":"2012-02-07T19:47:56Z","timestamp":1328644076000},"page":"838-848","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Prey\u2010race drives differentiation of biotypes in ant\u2010eating spiders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Pek\u00e1r","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J.","family":"\u0160merda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M.","family":"Hru\u0161kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"O.","family":"\u0160edo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C.","family":"Muster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P.","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Z.","family":"Zdr\u00e1hal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S.","family":"Korenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P.","family":"Bure\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"E.","family":"L\u00edznarov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L.","family":"Sentensk\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"188","volume-title":"Specialization, Speciation, and Radiation: The Evolutionary Biology of Herbivorous Insects","author":"Abrahamson W.G.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2937146"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04325"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.47.091201.145312"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Revision of the genus Zodarion Walckenaer, 1833 in the Iberian peninsula and Balearic islands (Araneae, Zodariidae)","volume":"69","author":"Bosmans R.","year":"1994","journal-title":"European Journal of Oral Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05774"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.2495.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2311.2007.00894.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2009.02264.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021710"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2006.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1107239"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01143.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1993.tb01262.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/379537a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.82303"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2002.1059"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005558"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1998.tb01642.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00226.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.19.110188.001231"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2004.02212.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2006.01525.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","volume-title":"Generalized Estimating Equations","author":"Hardin J.W.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2005.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","volume-title":"Endless Forms: Species and Speciation","author":"Howard D.J.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcz.2004.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1999.tb04571.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35077075"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Diet of some species of Turdidae in South African grasslands","volume":"33","author":"Kopij G.","year":"2003","journal-title":"South African Journal of Wildlife Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002274"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Mixed\u2010data classificatory programs, I. 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