{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T22:23:45Z","timestamp":1772490225914,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,10]],"date-time":"2011-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1307664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>1.<\/jats:bold>\u2002Atmospheric ammonia (NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) is one of the main drivers for ecosystem changes world\u2010wide, including biodiversity loss. Modelling its deposition to evaluate its impact on ecosystems has been the focus of many studies. For that, universal indicators are needed to determine and compare the early effects of NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> across ecosystems.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>2.<\/jats:bold>\u2002We evaluate the effects of atmospheric NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> in ecosystems using lichens, which are one of the most sensitive communities at the ecosystem level. Rather than measuring total diversity, we use a functional diversity approach because this is potentially a more universal tool.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>3.<\/jats:bold>\u2002We evaluated the spatial and temporal patterns of atmospheric NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> concentrations ([NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>]<jats:sub>atm<\/jats:sub>) emitted from a point\u2010source over a 1\u2010year period in a cork oak Mediterranean woodland. We observed a temporal pattern of [NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>]<jats:sub>atm<\/jats:sub>, with maximum concentrations during autumn.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>4.<\/jats:bold>\u2002The distribution of lichen species was <jats:italic>c.<\/jats:italic> 90% explained by [NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>]<jats:sub>atm<\/jats:sub>. The tolerance of lichen species to atmospheric NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, based on expert knowledge from literature, was tested for the first time against direct measurements of atmospheric NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>. Most species were well classified, with the exception of <jats:italic>Lecanora albella<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Chrysothrix candelaris<\/jats:italic>, which were more tolerant than expected. Our updated lichen classification can be used to establish lichen functional groups that respond to atmospheric NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, and these can be used in other Mediterranean countries.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>5.<\/jats:bold>\u2002Increasing [NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>]<jats:sub>atm<\/jats:sub> led to a complete replacement of oligotrophic by nitrophytic species within 65\u2003m of the NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> source. The geostatistical analysis of functional diversity variables yielded a spatial model with low non\u2010spatial variance, indicating that these variables can cope robustly with high spatial variation in NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>6.<\/jats:bold>\u2002<jats:italic>Synthesis and applications<\/jats:italic>. Our results support the use of functional diversity variables, such as a lichen diversity value, as accurate and robust indicators of the effects of atmospheric NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> on ecosystems. The spatial modelling of these indicators can provide information with high spatial resolution about the effects of atmospheric NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> around point\u2010 and diffuse sources. As this methodology is based on functional groups, it can be applied to monitor both the impact of atmospheric NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> and the success of mitigation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2011.02033.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,10]],"date-time":"2011-06-10T16:30:48Z","timestamp":1307723448000},"page":"1107-1116","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Using lichen functional diversity to assess the effects of atmospheric ammonia in Mediterranean woodlands"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Pinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Sim Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Sutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria\u2010Am\u00e9lia","family":"Martins\u2010Lou\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"M\u00e1guas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Branquinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Fichas de Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o de habitats para o Plano Sectorial da Rede Natura 2000","author":"ALFA","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-0423-7_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-009-0360-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.04.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/08-1140.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(99)00111-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2008.09.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","volume-title":"Atmospheric Ammonia \u2013 Detecting Emission Changes and Environmental Impacts","author":"Cape J.N.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/387463a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"291","volume-title":"Nitrogen in a Sustainable Ecosystem: From the Cell to the Plant","author":"Cruz C.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"247","article-title":"Atmospheric nitrogen dynamics in Hesse, Germany: creating the data base \u2013 3. 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