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The fish (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009<jats:sc>s.e<\/jats:sc>. initial body mass\u2009=\u200915\u00b79\u2009\u00b1\u20090\u00b74\u2009g) were reared on two photoperiods (continuous light, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LL<\/jats:styled-content>, and simulated natural photoperiod, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LDN<\/jats:styled-content>, 60\u00b0 25\u2032 N) and two temperatures (8\u00b73 and 12\u00b77\u00b0 C) from June to May of the following year. Mean body mass was affected by photoperiod, temperature and their interactions. Both temperature groups on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LL<\/jats:styled-content> developed peak levels in gill <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NKA<\/jats:styled-content> activity from October to November, 4\u20135\u2009months prior to the natural season for the parr\u2013smolt transformation. Fish at 12\u00b0 C showed peak levels in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NKA<\/jats:styled-content> activity 4\u20136\u2009weeks before the fish at 8\u00b0 C. Fish in all four experimental groups showed maximum <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NKA<\/jats:styled-content> activity within a similar size range (113\u2013162\u2009g). The present findings further indicate that smoltification in <jats:italic>S. salar<\/jats:italic> is to some extent driven by size, and that <jats:italic>S. salar<\/jats:italic> will develop smolt characteristics, <jats:italic>e.g<\/jats:italic>. a marked increase in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NKA<\/jats:styled-content> activity, within a similar size range. Faster\u2010growing <jats:italic>S. salar<\/jats:italic> will, thus, reach this size threshold at a relatively younger age.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.12215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,6]],"date-time":"2013-09-06T14:02:38Z","timestamp":1378476158000},"page":"1197-1209","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Long\u2010term effects of photoperiod, temperature and their interaction on growth, gill Na<sup>+<\/sup>, K<sup>+<\/sup>\u2010<scp>ATPase<\/scp> activity, seawater tolerance and plasma growth\u2010hormone levels in Atlantic salmon <i>Salmo salar<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"S. O.","family":"Handeland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A. K.","family":"Imsland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"B. Th.","family":"Bj\u00f6rnsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S. 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