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Two groups were given a three\u2010month acclimation in salinity 18 before the salinity was increased to either 25 or 29 (groups called <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A25<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A29<\/jats:styled-content>), and two groups were reared in salinities 25 or 29 over the full experimental period of 409 days (groups called <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F25<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F29<\/jats:styled-content>). In the first 3 months, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A25<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A29<\/jats:styled-content> groups had the highest growth rates. By October 2011, there were no significant differences (two\u2010way nested <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ANOVA<\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0\u00b705) in the mean body masses among <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A25<\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F25<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F29<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>c.<\/jats:italic> 1450 g), whereas <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A29<\/jats:styled-content> had a lower mean mass (1282 g). The growth in the last period from October 2011 to January 2012 was reduced by sexual maturation in the highest salinity regimes (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A29<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F29<\/jats:styled-content>), whereas fish in groups <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A25<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F25<\/jats:styled-content> showed high growth throughout the study. Males in all salinity groups had higher growth rates than females for the most part of the study, but the divergence between the sexes was most pronounced in the highest salinity regimes. All salinity groups showed distinct changes in Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ATPase<\/jats:styled-content> activity, with high activity in spring and summer, and lower activity in the autumn. Plasma sodium (Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) levels were stable indicating that none of the experimental groups had problems in maintaining hydromineral balance during the study. While plasma leptin levels were not affected by salinity regimes, it was noted that these levels were 13\u201330% higher in fish with empty guts compared with those having food in their gut at the time of sampling. This suggests a link between leptin levels and food intake, indicating that this hormone may play a role in food intake and energy allocation in fishes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.12462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,22]],"date-time":"2014-07-22T14:46:04Z","timestamp":1406040364000},"page":"1145-1162","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Long\u2010term rearing of Arctic charr <i>Salvelinus alpinus<\/i> under different salinity regimes at constant temperature"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"\u00c1rnason","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Research Institute  P. O. Box 42 240 Grindav\u00edk Iceland"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Gunnarsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akvaplan\u2010niva Iceland Office  Akralind 4 201 K\u00f3pavogur Iceland"},{"name":"Department of Biology University of Bergen  5020 Bergen Norway"}]},{"given":"A. 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