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We examined these associations among community\u2010dwelling older adults in Japan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a secondary outcome\u2010wide longitudinal analysis using data from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES), a nationwide cohort of community\u2010dwelling adults aged 65\u2009years and older. Perceived ageism was measured in 2019 as self\u2010reported age\u2010based discrimination experienced in the preceding 12\u2009months. Participants were followed for 3\u2009years, with outcomes assessed in 2022. A total of 47 outcomes across health and well\u2010being domains were examined. Regression models adjusted for prespecified baseline covariates, including prior outcome measures when available, were used with Bonferroni correction. Sex\u2010stratified and sensitivity analyses, including\n                      <jats:italic>E\u2010<\/jats:italic>\n                      value analyses, were also performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among participants with observed exposure data in the survey\u2010based sample, 335 of 4299 (7.8%) reported perceived ageism. After correction for multiple comparisons, perceived ageism was significantly associated with lower happiness (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , \u22120.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], \u22120.27 to \u22120.11), increased depressive symptoms (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 0.21; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.29), and higher risks of incident dementia (odds ratio [OR], 1.77; 95% CI, 1.31 to 2.39), incident functional disability at any level (risk ratio [RR], 1.42; 95% CI, 1.21 to 1.67), and incident functional disability at Level 2 or higher (OR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.26 to 2.30). Sex\u2010stratified estimates suggested associations with functional disability at Level 2 or higher among men and with lower happiness and greater depressive symptoms among women, although multiplicative interaction tests by sex were not statistically significant and additive interaction findings were only nominal.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Perceived ageism was associated with adverse mental, cognitive, and functional outcomes over a 3\u2010year period. These findings support recognizing ageism as a potentially modifiable social determinant of health and well\u2010being in later life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.70618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T17:41:45Z","timestamp":1786038105000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Perceived Ageism and Subsequent Health and Well\u2010Being in Older Adults: An Outcome\u2010Wide Longitudinal Analysis From Japan"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1327-5022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenjiro","family":"Kawaguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Tokyo Women's Medical University  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Center for Preventive Medical Sciences Chiba University  Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Nakagomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Preventive Medical Sciences Chiba University  Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chie","family":"Koga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Preventive Medical Sciences Chiba University  Chiba Japan"},{"name":"Institute for the Future of Human Society Kyoto University  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsunori","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Preventive Medical Sciences Chiba University  Chiba Japan"},{"name":"Institute for Health Economics and Policy, Association for Health Economics Research and Social Insurance and Welfare  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Global Report on Ageism","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/9.4_Part_1.243","article-title":"Age\u2010Ism: Another Form of Bigotry","volume":"9","author":"Butler R. 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