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This association is partially mediated by the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a key brain region of the reward circuit that is mainly composed by GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs), that express either dopamine receptor D1 or D2. Recent studies showed that both populations can drive reward and aversion, however, the activity of these neurons during appetitive and aversive Pavlovian conditioning remains to be determined. Here, we investigated the relevance of D1\u2010 and D2\u2010neurons in associative learning, by measuring calcium transients with fiber photometry during appetitive and aversive Pavlovian tasks in mice. Sucrose was used as a positive valence unconditioned stimulus (US) and foot shock was used as a negative valence US. We show that during appetitive Pavlovian conditioning, D1\u2010 and D2\u2010neurons exhibit a general increase in activity in response to the conditioned stimuli (CS). Interestingly, D1\u2010 and D2\u2010neurons present distinct changes in activity after sucrose consumption that dynamically evolve throughout learning. During the aversive Pavlovian conditioning, D1\u2010 and D2\u2010neurons present an increase in the activity in response to the CS and to the US (shock). Our data support a model in which D1\u2010 and D2\u2010neurons are concurrently activated during appetitive and aversive conditioning.\n                    <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                      <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jnc16063-fig-0006-m.png\">\n                        <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                      <\/jats:graphic>\n                    <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.16063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T02:13:46Z","timestamp":1707272026000},"page":"312-327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Nucleus accumbens neurons dynamically respond to appetitive and aversive associative learning"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"168","author":[{"given":"Catarina","family":"Deseyve","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine University of Minho  Braga Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B's\u2010PT Government Associate Laboratory  Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Domingues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine University of Minho  Braga Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B's\u2010PT Government Associate Laboratory  Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tawan T. 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