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The articles are categorized based on empirical methodologies, fiscal shock identification strategies, geographic focus, exchange rate arrangements, and macro\u2010financial regime dependencies. Notably, over half of the literature emerged between 2020 and 2023, with the most impactful articles appearing in top\u2010tier Economics journals\u2014highlighting the growing academic and policy interest in fiscal multipliers. Key findings show the dominance of vector autoregressive (VAR) models, although local projection (LP) techniques are on the rise. Structural and recursive identification strategies lead among VAR, while LP\u2010based research frequently uses instrumental variables. There is a growing trend in studies estimating regime\u2010dependent multipliers, particularly across business cycle phases. The literature remains highly concentrated on high\u2010income countries, and while high\u2010quality research supports the Keynesian view that spending multipliers are larger during recessions and crises, evidence across other regimes, and on average, suggests multipliers are below one\u2014more aligned with the classical perspective. A broader geographic representation and methodological refinement, while expanding the scope across diverse instruments and regimes, would enhance the robustness of findings regarding the determinants of multiplier size.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joes.70020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T19:32:50Z","timestamp":1760643170000},"page":"783-820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Empirical Literature on Fiscal Multipliers: A Bibliometric Approach, 2002\u20132023"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0030-7979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida Correia","family":"Varela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management and Cef.up University of Porto  Porto Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8974-7420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula Ferreira","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management and Cef.up University of Porto  Porto Portugal"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1601600314"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijfe.1544"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecosys.2022.100981"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00181\u2010016\u20101210\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/job.719"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/649828"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinteco.2014.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2024.103635"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"Applied Econometrics","author":"Asteriou D.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auerbach A. 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