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To further clarify such pathways, the present study examined how trajectories of different poverty indices across adolescence relate to brain structure and depressive symptomatology. In a sample of 206 Mexican\u2010origin youth, latent growth curve modeling was used to assess parent\u2010reported income\u2010to\u2010needs and economic hardship measured from ages 10 to 16 as predictors of self\u2010reported depressive symptomatology at age 18. Youths also reported on perceived economic hardship at 14 and 16\u2009years. Amygdala, hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex volumes assessed using structural magnetic resonance imaging at age 17 were examined as mediators within the models. Lower average income\u2010to\u2010needs across adolescence was associated with larger amygdala and hippocampal volumes, whereas youth\u2010reported economic hardship predicted smaller anterior cingulate cortex volumes. Youth\u2010reported economic hardship, but neither parent\u2010reported economic hardship nor brain volumes, significantly predicted depression symptoms. Parent\u2010reported economic hardship across adolescence was unrelated to both brain volume and depression symptoms. Results highlight that objective poverty and adolescents' own perceptions of hardship may each relate to neurodevelopment, and that youth\u2010reported hardship may be more proximally linked to depressive symptomatology in late adolescence than parent\u2010reported hardship or brain volume.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.70251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T09:54:12Z","timestamp":1787910852000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Examination of poverty trajectories and brain volume as predictors of adolescent depression"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2285-3469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon K.","family":"Hayes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Ecology University of California Davis  Davis California USA"},{"name":"Center for Mind and Brain University of California Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0270-8371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiming","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mind and Brain University of California Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4543-1514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myles N.","family":"Arrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mind and Brain University of California Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6171-917X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johnna R.","family":"Swartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Ecology University of California Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7520-046X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio","family":"Ferrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of California Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5088-3484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard W.","family":"Robins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of California Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2978-7364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul D.","family":"Hastings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mind and Brain University of California Davis  Davis California USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of California Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1817-8766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda E.","family":"Guyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Ecology University of California Davis  Davis California USA"},{"name":"Center for Mind and Brain University of California Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/cdp0000324"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.180026"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2004363117"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","volume-title":"Beck depression inventory\u2013II","author":"Beck A. 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