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In this study we investigate a highly mobile species (the sperm whale,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Physeter macrocephalus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>) that is genetically differentiated between an open North Atlantic population and the populations in the Mediterranean Sea. We apply high\u2010resolution single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis to study the nature of barriers to gene flow in this system, assessing the putative boundary into the Mediterranean (Strait of Gibraltar and Alboran Sea region), and including novel analyses on structuring among sperm whale populations within the Mediterranean basin. Our data support a recent founding of the Mediterranean population, around the time of the last glacial maximum, and show concerted historical demographic profiles in both the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. In each region there is evidence for a population decline around the time of the founder event. The largest decline was seen within the Mediterranean Sea where effective population size is substantially lower (especially in the eastern basin). While differentiation is strongest at the Atlantic\/Mediterranean boundary, there is also weaker but significant differentiation between the eastern and western basins of the Mediterranean Sea. We propose, however, that the mechanisms are different. While post\u2010founding gene flow was reduced between the Mediterranean and Atlantic populations, within the Mediterranean an important factor differentiating the basins is probably a greater degree of admixture between the western basin and the North Atlantic and some level of isolation between the western and eastern Mediterranean basins. Subdivision within the Mediterranean Sea exacerbates conservation concerns and will require consideration of what distinct impacts may affect populations in the two basins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T05:38:06Z","timestamp":1677130686000},"page":"2715-2731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Genomics reveals the role of admixture in the evolution of structure among sperm whale populations within the Mediterranean Sea"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9170-1395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biagio","family":"Violi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences Genova University Genova Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biosciences Durham University Durham UK"},{"name":"MENKAB, il respiro del mare Savona Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2131-9048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Menno J.","family":"de Jong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences Durham University Durham UK"}]},{"given":"Alexandros","family":"Frantzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pelagos Cetacean Research Institute Vouliagmeni Greece"}]},{"given":"Paraskevi","family":"Alexiadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pelagos Cetacean Research Institute Vouliagmeni Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5671-5804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Tardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WWF France Marseille France"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Ody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WWF France Marseille France"}]},{"given":"Renaud","family":"de Stephanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRCE (Conservation Information and Research on Cetaceans) Cadiz Spain"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Gim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICM\u2010CSIC Institut de Ci\u00e8ncies del Mar Barcelona Spain"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Lucifora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno Portici Italy"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica A.","family":"e Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Sciences \u2013 Okeanos and Institute of Marine Research \u2013 IMAR University of the Azores Horta Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Sciences \u2013 Okeanos and Institute of Marine Research \u2013 IMAR University of the Azores Horta Portugal"}]},{"given":"Filipe","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE \u2013 Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\/ARNET \u2013 Aquatic Research Network, ARDITI Madeira Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Dinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE \u2013 Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\/ARNET \u2013 Aquatic Research Network, ARDITI Madeira Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marisa","family":"Tejedor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oriental Canary Islands Strandings Cetaceans Network Lanzarote Spain"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Canary Islands Spain"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Arregui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Canary Islands Spain"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Arbelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Canary Islands Spain"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda &amp; CESAM Universidade de Aveiro Aveiro Portugal"},{"name":"CEMMA (Coordinadora para o Estudo dos Mam\u00edferos Mari\u00f1os) Galicia Spain"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Covelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMA (Coordinadora para o Estudo dos Mam\u00edferos Mari\u00f1os) Galicia Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7265-4180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. 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