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Here we explore the system of paternal genome elimination employed by mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) which have no sex chromosomes. Instead, all chromosomes are autosomal and inherited in two copies, but sex is determined by the ploidy of expression. Females express both parental alleles, but males reliably silence their paternally inherited chromosomes, creating genome\u2010wide haploid expression in males and diploid expression in females. Additionally, sons do not express alleles directly inherited from their fathers, potentially disrupting the evolution of male\u2010benefiting traits. To understand how these dynamics impact molecular evolution, we generated sex\u2010specific RNAseq, a new gene annotation, and whole\u2010genome population sequencing of the citrus mealybug, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Planococcus citri<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>. We found that genes expressed primarily in females hold more variation and evolve more quickly than those expressed in males or both sexes. Conversely, we found more apparent adaptation in genes expressed mainly in males than in those expressed in females. Put together, in this paternal genome elimination system there is slower change on the male side but, by increasing selective scrutiny, an increase in the degree of adaptation in these genes. These results expand our understanding of evolution in a non\u2010Mendelian genetic system and the data we generated should prove useful for future research on this pest insect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.17826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T11:15:47Z","timestamp":1749726947000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Contrasting Evolutionary Trajectories Under Paternal Genome Elimination in Male and Female Citrus Mealybugs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8487-9248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Mongue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Nematology University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Institute for Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}]},{"given":"Tamsin E.","family":"Woodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1860-780X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hollie","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genome Biology University of Leicester  Leicester UK"}]},{"given":"Arkadiy","family":"Garber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution and School of Life Sciences Arizona State University  Tempe Arizona USA"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 C.","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias e Engenharia de Biossistemas Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa  Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Estudos Florestais Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa  Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"TERRA \u2013 Laborat\u00f3rio para a Sustentabilidade do Uso da Terra e dos Servi\u00e7os dos Ecossistemas  Lisbon Portugal"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"McCutcheon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution and School of Life Sciences Arizona State University  Tempe Arizona USA"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.114.163311"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evt145"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15842"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msn111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128685"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esw047"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00412-004-0278-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.21.9861"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nargab\/lqaa108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.111.138073"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msn005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/fly.19695"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00173190"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/595841"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1987.tb05863.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-018-1513-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12848"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2015.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msv138"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts635"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010genet\u2010110711\u2010155454"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2948"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1127\/entomologia\/2021\/1220"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-2316-2_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001140050016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Catalog of Chromosome Numbers and Genetic Systems of Scale Insects (Homoptera: Coccinea) of the World","volume":"37","author":"Gavrilov I. 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