{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T10:34:21Z","timestamp":1793097261771,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Marine Mammal Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Multiple killer whales of the Iberian subpopulation interact with boats by establishing physical contact through bumping and pushing. First reported broadly in 2020, this disruptive behavior has since caused considerable damage to hundreds of vessels. Even though there are various hypotheses for what drives these interactions, the cause and purpose of this behavior are not yet understood. Here, we report on seven events between 2018 and 2025 where killer whales made direct physical contact with a research vessel in southern Portugal. Out of 26 identified individuals, 8 interacted with our rigid\u2010hulled inflatable boat: 2 adult females and 6 juveniles of both sexes, from 5 recognized matrilines. Notably, one juvenile interacted on two occasions. Underwater footage revealed a variable nature of interactions, ranging from displays of curiosity to agonistic behaviors. In all encounters, feeding\/foraging was observed. We documented an interaction that predates official reports by 2\u2009years and recorded a new individual participating in this behavior, highlighting its continued spread through social transmission. In our observations, keeping the vessel stationary did not reliably decrease interaction intensity, while accelerating caused apparent loss of interest. However, improved mitigation measures are needed to prevent harm to humans and killer whales, securing long\u2010term coexistence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mms.70247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T06:07:05Z","timestamp":1786601225000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Insights Into a Disruptive Behavior of Iberian Killer Whales (\n                    <i>Orcinus orca<\/i>\n                    ) With Boats: Perspective From Multiple Interactions With a Research Vessel"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7689-6411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AIMM\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o do Meio Marinho  Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre\/ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, Laborat\u00f3rio Mar\u00edtimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Universidade de Lisboa  Cascais Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Cid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIMM\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o do Meio Marinho  Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0282-390X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel P.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIMM\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o do Meio Marinho  Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"CEAUL\u2014Centro de Estat\u00edstica e Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es da Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Universidade de Lisboa  Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"CREEM\u2014Centre for Research Into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, the Observatory University of St Andrews  St Andrews UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9146-7182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme","family":"Estrela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIMM\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o do Meio Marinho  Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7356-2177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antony","family":"Pieters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIMM\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o do Meio Marinho  Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5590-1258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Quirin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIMM\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o do Meio Marinho  Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071\u2010012\u20100546\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2025.123228"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"Baird R. W. andM. B.Hanson.2004.\u201cDiet Studies of \u201cSouthern Resident\u201d Killer Whales: Prey Sampling and Behavioral Cues of Predation.\u201dReport Order No. AB133F\u201003\u2010SE\u20101070. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003060531800159X"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Intergroup Interactions Among Killer Whales in Norwegian Coastal Waters: Tolerance vs. Aggression at Feeding Grounds","volume":"28","author":"Bisther A.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aquatic Mammals"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.01.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","unstructured":"Collette B. B. A.Boustany W.Fox J.Graves M.Juan\u2010Jord\u00e1 andV.Restrepo.2021.\u201cThunnus thynnus.\u201dThe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species e.T21860A46913402.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2021\u20102.RLTS.T21860A46913402.en."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps07164"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2024.107245"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","unstructured":"Esteban R.2023.\u201cIberian orca(Orcinus orca) Photo\u2010Identification Catalogue.\u201dFriendship\u2010orca Project Fundaci\u00f3n Santander\u2010CEMMA\u2010GTOA [Dataset].https:\/\/www.orcaiberica.org\/catalogo."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","unstructured":"Esteban R. andA. D.Foote.2019.\u201cOrcinus orca(Strait of Gibraltar Subpopulation).\u201dThe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species e.T132948040A132949669.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2019\u20103.RLTS.T132948040A132949669.en."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mms.70088"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mms.12947"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002531541300091X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.01.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","first-page":"141","volume-title":"Advances in Marine Biology","author":"Esteban R.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265\u2010015\u20102029\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2015.11.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u2010294X.2010.04957.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-373553-9.00150-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20102979.2005.00197.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02692251"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Tiscar S.2009.\u201cInteracciones entre delfines mulares y orcas con pesquer\u00edas en el Mar de Albor\u00e1n y Estrecho de Gibraltar.\u201dPhD thesis Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.33928"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps07035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsu221"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","unstructured":"Hanninger E. 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E.Ashe D.Sandilands andD.Lusseau.2011.\u201cStimulus\u2010Dependent Response to Disturbance Affecting the Activity of Killer Whales.\u201dSC\/63\/WW5. The Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2006.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748\u20107692.2008.00255.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836902000298"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804327-1.00256-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2016.02.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804327-1.00158-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804327-1.00200-4"}],"container-title":["Marine Mammal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mms.70247","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/mms.70247","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/mms.70247","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T09:55:19Z","timestamp":1793094919000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/mms.70247"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/mms.70247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mms.70247","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0824-0469","1748-7692"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0824-0469","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-7692","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70247"}}