{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T13:58:57Z","timestamp":1785160737571,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"\n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n The aim of this review is to appraise and synthesize randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effects of dinner timing (late vs early) and energy intake (high vs low) on both mental and metabolic health.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n Beyond what and how much we eat, growing evidence suggests that when we eat significantly impacts our health, yet the true magnitude of this effect remains unclear. Late-night eating is linked to circadian rhythm disruption, metabolic conditions (eg, metabolic syndrome, obesity, type 2 diabetes), sleep disturbances, and mood disorders (eg, depression, anxiety); however, no systematic review has specifically evaluated the effects of timing and energy intake in the last meal of the day on these.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Eligibility criteria:<\/jats:title>\n This review will include RCTs from 2010 onwards on adults aged 18 to 65 years. Eligible studies must involve interventions that compare early vs late dinner timing and\/or low- vs high-energy intake at the last meal of the day. Additionally, studies must report metabolic outcomes such as glucose levels, body weight gain\/loss, insulin resistance, and\/or mental health outcomes such as mood, sleep quality, anxiety, and depression.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n We will search MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Scopus using a comprehensive list of keywords and medical subject headings for dinner timing, energy intake, mental health, and metabolic health. Two authors will independently screen and assess eligible studies based on predefined eligibility criteria and discrepancies will be resolved by consensus. Data will be extracted using a standardized data extraction form and risk of bias will be assessed. A narrative summary and meta-analysis will be conducted to synthesize findings from the systematic review.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Review registration:<\/jats:title>\n PROSPERO CRD420250654270<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.11124\/jbies-25-00257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T13:00:14Z","timestamp":1785157214000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of dinner timing and energy intake on metabolic and mental health: a systematic review protocol"],"prefix":"10.11124","author":[{"given":"Abdessamad","family":"Bouayed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, LCOMS\/Neurotoxicologie Alimentaire et Bioactivit\u00e9, Metz, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Berardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, LCOMS\/Neurotoxicologie Alimentaire et Bioactivit\u00e9, Metz, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8342-5183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Abdullah","family":"Alshawsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8410-2105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaouad","family":"Bouayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, LCOMS\/Neurotoxicologie Alimentaire et Bioactivit\u00e9, Metz, 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