{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T15:04:21Z","timestamp":1786460661524,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The purpose of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of dexmedetomidine as adjunctive therapy to the standard of care (benzodiazepines) compared to either the standard of care or other adjunctive treatment approaches (e.g. benzodiazepines\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">plus<\/jats:italic>\n                      propofol) for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Benzodiazepines have been the cornerstone of AWS therapy, but in some patients, AWS is refractory to high doses. Moreover, benzodiazepine use is burdened by excessive sedation, confusion and respiratory depression. Options for management of refractory AWS include the addition of phenobarbital, propofol and, more recently, dexmedetomidine to benzodiazepines therapy. The possible advantage of dexmedetomidine compared to benzodiazepines is that it does not cause respiratory depression, thus reducing the risk of intubation and hospitalization in the intensive care unit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Inclusion criteria:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review will consider studies including patients who are 18 years or older and are diagnosed with AWS. The exclusion criteria are a history of psychoactive substances or withdrawal states and\/or severe neurologic disorder (e.g. traumatic brain injury, acute stroke, severe dementia, seizure disorder).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review will include only studies published in English, with no restrictions on the year of publication. Both randomized controlled trials and observational studies (including cohort and case-control studies) assessing the drug effectiveness and safety will be included. The databases utilized will include: PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. In addition, the trial registers to be searched will include: World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), U.S. National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal and ClinicalTrials.gov.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration number:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PROSPERO CRD42018084370<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.11124\/jbisrir-2017-003949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,22]],"date-time":"2019-06-22T13:19:24Z","timestamp":1561209564000},"page":"2159-2164","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Dexmedetomidine as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a systematic review protocol"],"prefix":"10.11124","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Fiore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Torretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Beatrice","family":"Passavanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Sansone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Caterina","family":"Pace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aniello","family":"Alfieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Aurilio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Simeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public, Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Medical Statistics Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Chiodini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public, Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Medical Statistics Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Pota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"(7)","key":"R1-20230825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e141","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050141","article-title":"Toward a global view of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and cocaine use: findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys","volume":"5","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"(13)","key":"R2-20230825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.13.1405","article-title":"Management of alcohol withdrawal delirium. 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