{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T15:14:17Z","timestamp":1776179657234,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,1]],"date-time":"2002-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1022889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A confocal Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> imaging technique has been used to detect ATP release from individual sympathetic varicosities on the same nerve terminal branch. Varicose nerve terminals and smooth muscle cells in mouse vas deferens were loaded with the Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> indicator Oregon Green 488 BAPTA\u20101. Field (nerve) stimulation evoked discrete, focal increases in [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>] in smooth muscle cells adjacent to identified varicosities. These focal increases in [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>] have been termed \u2018neuroeffector Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> transients\u2019 (NCTs). NCTs were abolished by \u03b1,\u03b2\u2010methylene ATP (1 \u03bcM), but not by nifedipine (1 \u03bcM) or prazosin (100 n<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>), suggesting that NCTs are generated by Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> influx through P2X receptors without a detectable contribution from L\u2010type Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> channels or \u03b1<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u2010adrenoceptor\u2010mediated pathways. Action potential\u2010evoked ATP release was highly intermittent (mean probability 0.019 \u00b1 0.002; range 0.001\u20100.10) at 1 Hz stimulation, even though there was no failure of action potential propagation in the nerve terminals. Twenty\u2010eight per cent of varicosities failed to release transmitter following more than 500 stimuli. Spontaneous ATP release was very infrequent (0.0014 Hz). No Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> transient attributable to noradrenaline release was detected even in response to 5 Hz stimulation. There was evidence of local noradrenaline release as the \u03b1<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine increased the probability of occurrence of NCTs by 55 \u00b1 21 % during trains of stimuli at 1 Hz. Frequency\u2010dependent facilitation preferentially occurred at low probability release sites. The monitoring of NCTs now allows transmitter release to be detected simultaneously from each functional varicosity on an identified nerve terminal branch on an impulse\u2010to\u2010impulse basis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.019612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,28]],"date-time":"2002-07-28T23:15:15Z","timestamp":1027898115000},"page":"849-862","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Intermittent ATP release from nerve terminals elicits focal smooth muscle Ca<sup>2+<\/sup> transients in mouse vas deferens"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"541","author":[{"given":"Keith L.","family":"Brain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V. 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