{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T16:07:56Z","timestamp":1787587676081,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,20]],"date-time":"2015-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>New Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>What is the central question of this study?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Prenatal protein undernutrition by albumen removal in an avian model of fetal programming leads to long\u2010term programming effects, but when do these effects first appear and are these programming effects regulated by the same candidate genes as in mammals?<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>What is the main finding and its importance?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>The present results indicate that prenatal protein undernutrition by albumen removal induces phenotypical and hormonal changes in the early posthatch period, when the mismatch between the prenatal and postnatal environment first arises, but these changes are not accompanied by an altered gene expression of the selected candidate genes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Studies of the chicken offer a unique model for investigation of the direct effects of reduced prenatal protein availability by the partial replacement of albumen with saline in eggs at embryonic day\u00a01 (albumen\u2010deprived group). The results were compared with mock\u2010treated sham chicks and non\u2010treated control chicks. Although no differences in hatch weight were found, body weight and growth were reduced in the albumen\u2010deprived chicks until 3\u00a0weeks of age. The feed intake of the albumen\u2010deprived chicks, however, was increased compared with the control (day\u00a013\u201321) and the sham chicks (day\u00a016\u201318). In the albumen\u2010deprived chicks, the ratio of thyroxine to 3,5,3\u2032\u2010triiodothyronine in the plasma was increased compared with the control chicks, whereas the plasma corticosterone level was increased only at day 7 compared with both other groups. The plasma glucose concentration and glucose tolerance were not affected by treatment. Several candidate genes previously associated with effects of prenatal protein deprivation in mammals were examined in the liver of newly hatched chicks. Gene expression of glycogen synthase\u00a02, glycogen phosphorylase\u00a01, peroxisome proliferator\u2010activated receptor \u03b1 and \u03b3 and glucocorticoid receptor was not affected by the treatment. In conclusion, reduction of prenatal protein availability led to differences in body weight and influenced hormones involved in metabolism and growth. Gene expression of the selected candidate genes was not altered, in contrast to mammals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep085313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,12]],"date-time":"2015-09-12T09:48:42Z","timestamp":1442051322000},"page":"1298-1308","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Reduced protein availability by albumen removal during chicken embryogenesis decreases body weight and induces hormonal changes"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Els","family":"Willems","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Livestock Physiology KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Livestock Physiology KU Leuven  Leuven 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