{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:08:05Z","timestamp":1781104085370,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,14]],"date-time":"2015-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1450051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>New Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>What is the central question of this study?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>The aim was to evaluate whether elevated sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) occurs before the onset of arterial hypertension in a rat renovascular model of hypertension, the two\u2010kidney, one\u2010clip (2K1C) Goldblatt model, and to determine possible mechanisms and origins.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>What is the main finding and its importance?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Sympathetic nerve activity can be raised before the onset of hypertension, by the third week after renal artery clipping, and this originates, in part, from enhanced respiratory modulation. Spinal circuits contribute to the elevation of SNA, but only after hypertension has developed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Our knowledge of mechanisms responsible for both the development and the maintenance of hypertension remains incomplete in the Goldblatt (two\u2010kidney, one\u2010clip; 2K1C) model. We tested the hypothesis that elevated sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) occurs before the onset of hypertension in 2K1C rats, considering the time course of the increase in SNA in relationship to the onset of the hypertension. We used a decorticated <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> working heart\u2013brainstem preparation of three groups of male Wistar rats, namely sham\u2010operated animals (SHAM, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a07) and animals 3\u00a0weeks post\u20102K1C, of which some were hypertensive (2K1C\u2010H, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a06) and others normotensive (2K1C\u2010N, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a09), as determined <jats:italic>in vivo a priori<\/jats:italic>. Perfusion pressure was higher in both 2K1C groups (2K1C\u2010H, 76\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01\u00a0mmHg; 2K1C\u2010N, 74\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03\u00a0mmHg; <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> SHAM, 60\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02\u00a0mmHg, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). The SNA was significantly elevated in both 2K1C groups (2K1C\u2010H, 47.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06.1\u00a0\u03bcV; 2K1C\u2010N, 32.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.8\u00a0\u03bcV;\u00a0<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> SHAM, 20.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.5\u00a0\u03bcV, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) owing to its increased respiratory modulation; the chemoreflex was augmented and baroreflex depressed. Precollicular transection reduced SNA in all groups (2K1C\u2010H, \u221232.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07.5%; 2K1C\u2010NH, \u221248\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06.9%;\u00a0<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> SHAM, \u221213.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Subsequent medullary spinal cord transection abolished SNA in both SHAM and 2K1C\u2010N groups, but decreased it by only 57\u00b1 5.5% in 2K1C\u2010H preparations. Thus, SNA is raised before the onset of hypertension, by the third week after renal artery clipping, and this originates, in part, from its enhanced respiratory modulation. Spinal circuits contribute to the elevation of SNA in the 2K1C model, but only after hypertension has developed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep085390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,5]],"date-time":"2015-11-05T08:56:37Z","timestamp":1446713797000},"page":"67-80","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Sympathetic overactivity occurs before hypertension in the two\u2010kidney, one\u2010clip model"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth B.","family":"Oliveira\u2010Sales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physiology &amp; Pharmacology, Bristol Heart Institute University of Bristol  Bristol UK"},{"name":"Department of Physiology Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP  SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Colombari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physiology &amp; Pharmacology, Bristol Heart Institute University of Bristol  Bristol UK"},{"name":"Department of Physiology &amp; Pathology, School of Dentistry of Araraquara S\u00e3o Paulo State University, UNESP  Araraquara SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Abdala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physiology &amp; Pharmacology, Bristol Heart Institute University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruy R.","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP  SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian F. 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