{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T09:18:48Z","timestamp":1773047928169,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000145","name":"Alberta Innovates - Health Solutions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000145","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008997","name":"University of Victoria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008997","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>New Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:bold>What is the central question of this study?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>We developed and validated a \u2018stimulus index\u2019 (SI; ratio of end\u2010tidal partial pressures of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) method to quantify cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) in anterior and posterior cerebral circulations during breath holding. We aimed to determine whether the magnitude of CVR is correlated with breath\u2010hold duration.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:bold>What is the main finding and its importance?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Using the SI method and transcranial Doppler ultrasound, we found that the magnitude of CVR of the anterior and posterior cerebral circulations is not positively correlated with physiological or psychological break\u2010point during end\u2010inspiratory breath holding. Our study expands the ability to quantify CVR during breath holding and elucidates factors that affect break\u2010point.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>The central respiratory chemoreflex contributes to blood gas homeostasis, particularly in response to accumulation of brainstem CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) affects chemoreceptor stimulation inversely through CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> washout from brainstem tissue. Voluntary breath holding imposes alterations in blood gases, eliciting respiratory chemoreflexes, potentially contributing to breath\u2010hold duration (i.e. break\u2010point). However, the effects of cerebrovascular reactivity on break\u2010point have yet to be determined. We tested the hypothesis that the magnitude of CVR contributes directly to breath\u2010hold duration in 23 healthy human participants. We developed and validated a cerebrovascular stimulus index methodology [SI; ratio of end\u2010tidal partial pressures of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/eph12000-math-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:09580670:media:eph12000:eph12000-math-0001\"\/>)] to quantify CVR by correlating measured and interpolated values of <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/eph12000-math-0002.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:09580670:media:eph12000:eph12000-math-0002\"\/> (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.95, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001), <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/eph12000-math-0003.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:09580670:media:eph12000:eph12000-math-0003\"\/> (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.98, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001) and SI (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.94, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001) during rebreathing. Using transcranial Doppler ultrasound, we then quantified the CVR of the middle (MCAv) and posterior (PCAv) cerebral arteries by plotting cerebral blood velocity against interpolated SI during a maximal end\u2010inspiratory breath hold. The MCAv CVR magnitude was larger than PCAv (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.001; +70%) during breath holding. We then correlated MCAv and PCAv CVR with the physiological (involuntary diaphragmatic contractions) and psychological (end\u2010point) break\u2010point, within individuals. There were significant inverse but modest relationships between both MCAv and PCAv CVR and both physiological and psychological break\u2010points (<jats:italic>r\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a0\u22120.53, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.03). However, these relationships were absent when MCAv and PCAv cerebrovascular conductance reactivity was correlated with both physiological and psychological break\u2010points (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&gt;\u00a0\u22120.42; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&gt;\u00a00.06). Although central chemoreceptor activation is likely to be contributing to break\u2010point, our data suggest that CVR\u2010mediated CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> washout from central chemoreceptors plays no role in determining break\u2010point, probably because of a reduced arterial\u2010to\u2010tissue CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> gradient during breath holding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep085764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,12]],"date-time":"2016-09-12T10:23:30Z","timestamp":1473675810000},"page":"1517-1527","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Quantifying cerebrovascular reactivity in anterior and posterior cerebral circulations during voluntary breath holding"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Christina D.","family":"Bruce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Faculty of Science and Technology Mount Royal University  Calgary Alberta 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