{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T12:56:51Z","timestamp":1760101011847,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,2]],"date-time":"2017-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK57061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK57061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>New Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:bold>What is the central question of this study?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>The aim was to investigate the roles of extracellular chloride in electrical slow waves and resting membrane potential of mouse jejunal smooth muscle by replacing chloride with the impermeant anions gluconate and isethionate.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:bold>What is the main finding and its importance?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>The main finding was that in smooth muscle cells, the resting Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> conductance is low, whereas transmembrane Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> movement in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) is a major contributor to the shape of electrical slow waves. Furthermore, the data confirm that ICCs set the smooth muscle membrane potential and that altering Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> homeostasis in ICCs can alter the smooth muscle membrane potential.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Intracellular Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> homeostasis is regulated by anion\u2010permeable channels and transporters and contributes to excitability of many cell types, including smooth muscle and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs). Our aims were to investigate the effects on electrical activity in mouse jejunal muscle strips of replacing extracellular Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> (Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup><jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub>) with the impermeant anions gluconate and isethionate. On reducing Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup><jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub>, effects were observed on electrical slow waves, with small effects on smooth muscle membrane voltage (<jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>). Restoration of Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> hyperpolarized smooth muscle <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub> proportional to the change in Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup><jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub> concentration. Replacement of 90% of Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup><jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub> with gluconate reversibly abolished slow waves in five of nine preparations. Slow waves were maintained in isethionate. Gluconate and isethionate substitution had similar concentration\u2010dependent effects on peak amplitude, frequency, width at half peak amplitude, rise time and decay time of residual slow waves. Gluconate reduced free ionized Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> in Krebs solutions to 0.13\u00a0m<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>. In Krebs solutions containing normal Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> and 0.13\u00a0m<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc> free Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>, slow wave frequency was lower, width at half peak amplitude was smaller, and decay time was faster. The transient hyperpolarization following restoration of Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup><jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub> was not observed in <jats:italic>W\/W<jats:sup>v<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> mice, which lack pacemaker ICCs in the small intestine. We conclude that in smooth muscle cells, the resting Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> conductance is low, whereas transmembrane Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> movement in ICCs plays a major role in generation or propagation of slow waves. Furthermore, these data support a role for ICCs in setting smooth muscle <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub> and that altering Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> homeostasis in ICCs can alter smooth muscle <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep086367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,3]],"date-time":"2017-10-03T05:52:53Z","timestamp":1507009973000},"page":"40-57","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Extracellular Cl<sup>\u2212<\/sup> regulates electrical slow waves and setting of smooth muscle membrane potential by interstitial cells of Cajal in mouse jejunum"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Siva Arumugam","family":"Saravanaperumal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Mayo Clinic  Rochester MN 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