{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T15:42:21Z","timestamp":1776094941279,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,26]],"date-time":"2018-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007427","name":"Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["752"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007427","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>New Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"><jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:bold>What is the central question of this study?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><jats:p>Does fetal hypothyroidism in rats alter uterine contractions and structure in the adult offspring?<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:bold>What is the main finding and its importance?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><jats:p>Our study indicated that maternal hypothyroidism during pregnancy increased gestational length and decreased litter size. In addition, maternal hypothyroidism caused delayed puberty onset, irregular uterine contractions and histological changes in the uterus in the female offspring. This model might contribute to a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in uterine contractions in fetal hypothyroidism, studies which are not possible in humans, and might help to establish therapeutic methods for these disorders observed in uterine contractions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thyroid hormones play an essential role in fetal growth. Hypothyroidism impairs reproductive function in both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of fetal hypothyroidism on uterine smooth muscle contraction and structure in the adult offspring. The control group of female Wistar rats consumed tap water, whereas the hypothyroid group received water containing 0.025% of 6\u2010propyl\u20102\u2010thiouracial throughout gestation from mating until delivery. Isometric contractility and histological changes in uterine tissue were evaluated in the adult female offspring. We tested the effects of carbachol (10<jats:sup>\u221210<\/jats:sup>\u201310<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\u00a0<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>) and oxytocin (10<jats:sup>\u221213<\/jats:sup>\u201310<jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup>\u00a0<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>) on uterine smooth muscle contraction in the fetal hypothyroid (FH) and control groups. Compared with control uteri, carbachol induced contractions with lower amplitude in the FH group (area under the curve: 1820.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0250.0<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>1370.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0125.0\u00a0a.u., control<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>FH group, respectively,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and frequency (86.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07.3<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>37.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06.1\u00a0a.u.,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Likewise, after exposure to oxytocin the amplitude (6614.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0492.2<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>4793.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0735.2\u00a0a.u.,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and frequency (367.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a032.0<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>167.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a039.0\u00a0a.u.,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) of uterine contractions in the FH group were significantly lower than in the control group. In addition, the thickness of the endometrium and smooth muscle layer and the cross\u2010sectional area of the uterus were also significantly lower in the FH group. Gestational length was longer and litter size smaller in FH rats compared with control animals; FH offspring also had delayed puberty. In conclusion, thyroid hormone deficiency during pregnancy increased gestational length and decreased litter size; in the offspring, it delayed puberty onset, reduced uterine rhythmic contractions and resulted in uterine structural changes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep086564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,27]],"date-time":"2018-02-27T13:22:37Z","timestamp":1519737757000},"page":"683-692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Effects of fetal hypothyroidism on uterine smooth muscle contraction and structure of offspring rats"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Bagheripuor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Physiology Research Center Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran 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