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Changes in bone mineral content or in metabolism were not detected after either normoxic or hypoxic bed rest.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Musculoskeletal atrophy constitutes a typical adaptation to inactivity and unloading of weightbearing bones. The reduced\u2010gravity environment in future Moon and Mars habitats is likely to be hypobaric hypoxic, and there is an urgent need to understand the effect of hypoxia on the process of inactivity\u2010induced musculoskeletal atrophy. This was the principal aim of the present study. Eleven males participated in three 10\u00a0day interventions: (i) hypoxic ambulatory confinement; (ii) hypoxic bed rest; and (iii) normoxic bed rest. Before and after the interventions, the muscle strength (isometric maximal voluntary contraction), mass (lean mass, by dual\u2010energy X\u2010ray absorptiometry), cross\u2010sectional area and total bone mineral content (determined with peripheral quantitative computed tomography) of the participants were measured. Blood and urine samples were collected before and on the 1st, 4th and 10th day of the intervention and analysed for biomarkers of bone resorption and formation. There was a significant reduction in thigh and lower leg muscle mass and volume after both normoxic and hypoxic bed rests. Muscle strength loss was proportionately greater than the loss in muscle mass for both thigh and lower leg. There was no indication of bone loss. Furthermore, the biomarkers of resorption and formation were not affected by any of the interventions. There was no significant effect of hypoxia on the musculoskeletal variables. Short\u2010term normoxic (10\u00a0day) bed rest resulted in muscular deconditioning, but not in the loss of bone mineral content or changes in bone metabolism. Hypoxia did not modify these results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep087482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,5]],"date-time":"2019-07-05T02:39:12Z","timestamp":1562294352000},"page":"1250-1261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The LunHab project: Muscle and bone alterations in male participants following a 10\u00a0day lunar habitat simulation"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3898-1759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam C.","family":"McDonnell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics Institute Jozef Stefan  Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ola","family":"Eiken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Physiology, School of Technology and Health Royal Institute of Technology  Solna Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Frings\u2010Meuthen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Aerospace Medicine German Aerospace Centre (DLR)  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2223-8963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joern","family":"Rittweger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Aerospace Medicine German Aerospace Centre (DLR)  Cologne Germany"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine University of Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5930-2159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor B.","family":"Mekjavic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics Institute Jozef Stefan  Ljubljana Slovenia"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Kinesiology Simon Fraser University  Burnaby British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-004-1172-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2010.07.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00264.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2015.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2008.00827.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-015-0681-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-006-0346-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.82.1.182"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1993.tb09573.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.83.12.4289"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bodkin D. 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