{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:28:08Z","timestamp":1790177288301,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,10]],"date-time":"2019-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>New Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:bold>What is the central question of this study?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>\u2018Leaky gut\u2019 has been found in intestinal and extra\u2010intestinal diseases. However, functional evaluation of intestinal permeability is not widely used as a diagnostic marker, possibly owing to significant limitations of currently used permeability assays. There is an unmet need for development of a new, non\u2010invasive test to assess intestinal function.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:bold>What is the main finding and its importance?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>We show that an increased blood\u2010to\u2010stool ratio of the concentration of gut bacteria\u2010produced short\u2010chain fatty acids may be used as a marker of gut permeability. Our findings lay the groundwork for establishing a new, non\u2010invasive, risk\u2010free diagnostic tool in diseases associated with intestinal barrier malfunction, such as inflammatory bowel disease.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are characterized by an impaired gut\u2013blood barrier commonly referred to as \u2018leaky gut\u2019. Therefore, functional evaluation of the gut\u2013blood barrier is a promising diagnostic marker. We hypothesized that short\u2010chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut bacteria might serve as a marker in IBD. Animal experiments were performed on male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats with acetic acid\u2010induced colitis and in sham control animals. The gut\u2013blood barrier permeability was determined by assessing the ratios of the following: (i) portal blood concentration of SCFAs (<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>) to faecal concentration of SCFAs (<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>f<\/jats:sub>); (ii) systemic blood concentration of SCFAs (<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>) to faecal concentration of SCFAs (<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>f<\/jats:sub>); and (iii) <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub> of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)\u2013dextran administered into the colon. As a clinical study, we evaluated <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>f<\/jats:sub> and the <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\/<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>f<\/jats:sub> ratio of SCFAs in six paediatric patients with IBD, assessed as mild\/moderate\/severe by the Paediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index (PUCAI) and the Paediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index (PCDAI) at the time of sample collection, and nine age\u2010matched healthy control subjects. Rats with histologically confirmed IBD had significantly increased ratios of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\/<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>f<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\/<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>f<\/jats:sub> for SCFAs. This was positively correlated with the plasma FITC\u2013dextran concentration. Likewise, IBD patients showed a significantly higher <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\/<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>f<\/jats:sub> ratio for SCFAs, including acetic, valeric, isocaproic, caproic and propionic acids, in comparison to control subjects. In conclusion, in the rats and in paediatric patients with IBD we found an increased blood\u2010to\u2010stool ratio of SCFAs, suggesting an increased gut\u2010to\u2010blood penetration of SCFAs. These findings pave the way for a new, non\u2010invasive diagnostic tool in IBD and other diseases accompanied by intestinal barrier malfunction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep087773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]],"date-time":"2019-06-27T01:04:19Z","timestamp":1561597459000},"page":"1226-1236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with increased gut\u2010to\u2010blood penetration of short\u2010chain fatty acids: A new, non\u2010invasive marker of a functional intestinal lesion"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0281-015X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kinga","family":"Jaworska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research Medical University of Warsaw  Warsaw 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Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Dziekiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Medical University of Warsaw  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Banaszkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Medical University of Warsaw  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0088-8284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Ufnal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research Medical University of Warsaw  Warsaw 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