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Bilateral pFRG inhibition abolished active expiration and the simultaneous nasofacial and oral motor activities induced by hypercapnia\/acidosis. The pFRG is more than a rhythmic oscillator for expiratory pump muscles: it also coordinates nasofacial and oral motor commands that engage muscles controlling airways.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Active expiration is mediated by an expiratory oscillator located in the parafacial respiratory group (pFRG). Active expiration requires more than contracting expiratory muscles as multiple cranial nerves are recruited to stabilize the naso\u2010 and oropharyngeal airways. We tested the hypothesis that activation of the pFRG recruits facial and trigeminal motoneurons to coordinate nasofacial and oral motor activities that engage muscles controlling airways in rats during active expiration. Using a combination of electrophysiological and pharmacological approaches, we identified brainstem circuits that phase\u2010lock active expiration, nasofacial and oral motor outputs in an <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> preparation of rat. We found that either high chemical drive (hypercapnia\/acidosis) or unilateral excitation (glutamate microinjection) of the pFRG evoked active expiration and stimulated motoneurons (facial and trigeminal) and motor nerves responsible for the control of nasofacial (buccal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve) and oral (mylohyoid nerve) motor outputs simultaneously. Bilateral pharmacological inhibition (GABAergic and glycinergic receptor activation) of the pFRG abolished active expiration and the simultaneous nasofacial and oral motor activities induced by hypercapnia\/acidosis. We conclude that the pFRG provides the excitatory drive to phase\u2010lock rhythmic nasofacial and oral motor circuits during active expiration in rats. Therefore, the pFRG is more than a rhythmic oscillator for expiratory pump muscles: it also coordinates nasofacial and oral motor commands that engage muscles controlling airways in rats during active expiration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep088046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,10]],"date-time":"2019-12-10T13:19:15Z","timestamp":1575983955000},"page":"379-392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Active expiratory oscillator regulates nasofacial and oral motor activities in rats"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Alan A.","family":"de Britto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Department of Physiology University of S\u00e3o Paulo  Ribeir\u00e3o Preto SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5755-6147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolyne S.","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Department of Physiology University of S\u00e3o Paulo  Ribeir\u00e3o Preto SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melina P.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Department of Physiology University of S\u00e3o Paulo  Ribeir\u00e3o Preto SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian F. 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