{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T14:48:42Z","timestamp":1766587722076,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]],"date-time":"2020-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010054","name":"University of Roehampton","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>New Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:bold>What is the central question of this study?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>The effects of long\u2010term muscle disuse on neuromuscular function are unclear because disuse studies are typically short term. In this study, we used a new model (unilateral transtibial amputees) to investigate the effects of long\u2010term disuse on quadriceps neuromuscular function.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:bold>What is the main finding and its importance?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Kinetic analysis (knee\u2010extension moments during gait) indicated habitual disuse of the amputated limb quadriceps, accompanied by lower quadriceps muscle strength (60\u201376%) and neural activation (32\u201344%), slower contractile properties and altered muscle architecture in the amputated limb, which could not be predicted from short\u2010term disuse studies.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study was to determine: (i) whether individuals with unilateral transtibial amputations (ITTAs), who habitually disuse the quadriceps muscles of their amputated limb, provide an effective model for assessing the effects of long\u2010term muscle disuse; and (ii) the effects of such disuse on quadriceps muscle strength and neuromuscular function in this population. Nine ITTAs and nine control subjects performed isometric voluntary knee extensions of both limbs to assess maximal voluntary torque (MVT) and the rate of torque development (RTD). The interpolated twitch technique and EMG normalized to maximal M\u2010wave were used to assess neural activation, involuntary (twitch and octet) contractions to assess intrinsic contractile properties, and ultrasound images of the vastus lateralis to assess muscle architecture. Clinical gait analysis was used to measure knee kinetic data during walking at an habitual speed. The ITTAs displayed 54\u201360% lower peak knee\u2010extensor moments during walking in the amputated compared with intact\/control limbs, but the intact and control limbs were comparable for loading during walking and muscle strength variables, suggesting that the intact limb provides a suitable internal control for comparison with the disused amputated limb. The MVT and RTD were \u223c60 and \u223c75% lower, respectively, in the amputated than intact\/control limbs. The differences in MVT appeared to be associated with \u223c40 and \u223c43% lower muscle thickness and neural activation, respectively, and the differences in RTD appeared to be associated with the decline in MVT coupled with slowing of the intrinsic contractile properties. These results indicate considerable changes in strength and neuromuscular function with long\u2010term disuse that could not be predicted from short\u2010term disuse studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep088087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T08:25:20Z","timestamp":1574843120000},"page":"408-418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The effects of long\u2010term muscle disuse on neuromuscular function in unilateral transtibial amputees"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0543-9197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy R.","family":"Sibley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences University of Roehampton  London UK"},{"name":"School of Health and Social Care London South Bank University  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siobh\u00e1n","family":"Strike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences University of Roehampton  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah C.","family":"Moudy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences University of Roehampton  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine University of North Texas Health Science Center  Fort Worth TX USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0000-8670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neale A.","family":"Tillin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences University of Roehampton  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-004-1172-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00091.2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.84.1.157"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201X.1996.476217000.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21259"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2006.00619.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000089964"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001962"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52354.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23322"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-013-9427-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.15.2.191"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03093648609103074"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.135392"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2014.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP277396"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00386.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-1661"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2011.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12131"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12225"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-011-1958-4"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"SENIAM 8: European recommendations for surface electromyography","volume":"8","author":"Hermens J. 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