{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:12:50Z","timestamp":1790813570921,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]],"date-time":"2020-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"\n New Findings<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n \n What is the central question of this study?<\/jats:bold>\n <\/jats:p>\n Are sex difference in the central airways present in healthy paediatric patients?<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n What is the main finding and its importance?<\/jats:bold>\n <\/jats:p>\n In patients \u226412\u00a0years we found no sex differences in central airway luminal area. After 14\u00a0years, the males had significantly larger central airway luminal areas than the females. The sex differences were minimized, but preserved when correcting for height. Luminal area is the main determinant of airway resistance and our finding could help explain sex differences in pulmonary system limitations to exercise in paediatric patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Cross\u2010sectional airway area is the main determinant of resistance to airflow in the respiratory system. In paediatric patients (<18\u00a0years), previous evidence for sex differences in cross\u2010sectional airway area was limited to patients with history of pulmonary disease or cadaveric studies with small numbers of subjects. These studies either only report tracheal data and do not include a range of ages or correct for height. Therefore, we sought to assess sex differences in airway luminal area utilizing paediatric patients of varying ages and no history of respiratory disease. Using three\u2010dimensional reconstructions from high\u2010resolution computed tomography scans, we retrospectively assessed the cross\u2010sectional airway area in healthy paediatric females (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a097) and males (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a0128) over a range of ages (1\u201317\u00a0years). The areas of the trachea, left main bronchus, left upper lobe, left lower lobe, right main bronchus, intermediate bronchus and right upper lobe were measured at three discrete points by a blinded investigator. No differences between the sexes were noted in the cross\u2010sectional areas of the youngest (ages 1\u201312\u00a0years) patients (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0>\u00a00.05). However, in patients \u226514\u00a0years the cross\u2010sectional areas were larger in the males compared to females in most airway sites. For instance, the cross\u2010sectional size of the trachea was 25% (218\u00a0\u00b1\u00a044\u00a0\n vs<\/jats:italic>\n . 163\u00a0\u00b1\u00a024\u00a0mm\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n ,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.01) larger in males\n vs<\/jats:italic>\n . females among ages 13\u201317\u00a0years. When accounting for height, these sex differences in airway areas were attenuated, but persisted. Our results indicate that sex differences in paediatric airway cross\u2010sectional area manifest after age \u226514\u00a0years and are independent of height.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep088370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]],"date-time":"2020-01-31T08:20:38Z","timestamp":1580458838000},"page":"721-731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Sex differences in paediatric airway anatomy"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Juan G.","family":"Ripoll","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winston","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kylie J.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chad C.","family":"Wiggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R. A.","family":"Shepherd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rickey E.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Research Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian T.","family":"Welch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Joyner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5575-4043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo B.","family":"Dominelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.54.12.1119"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12507"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.42.2.336","article-title":"Length and cross\u2010section growth patterns in the human trachea","volume":"42","author":"Butz R. 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