{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T06:47:34Z","timestamp":1784357254994,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"New Findings<\/jats:title>\n\nWhat is the central question of this study?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\nWhat is the relative contribution of a putative tonic splenic contraction to the haematological acclimatization process during high altitude ascent in native lowlanders?<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n\nWhat is the main finding and its importance?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\nSpleen volume decreased by \u221214.3% (\u221215.2\u00a0ml) per 1000\u00a0m ascent, with an attenuated apnoea\u2010induced [Hb] increase, attesting to a tonic splenic contraction during high altitude ascent. The [Hb]\u2010enhancing function of splenic contraction may contribute to restoring oxygen content early in the acclimatization process at high altitude.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Abstract<\/jats:title>Voluntary apnoea causes splenic contraction and reductions in heart rate (HR; bradycardia), and subsequent transient increases in haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]). Ascent to high altitude (HA) induces systemic hypoxia and reductions in oxygen saturation (), which may cause tonic splenic contraction, which may contribute to haematological acclimatization associated with HA ascent. We measured resting cardiorespiratory variables (HR, , [Hb]) and resting splenic volume (via ultrasound) during incremental ascent from 1400\u00a0m (day 0) to 3440\u00a0m (day 3), 4240\u00a0m (day 7) and 5160\u00a0m (day 10) in non\u2010acclimatized native lowlanders during assent to HA in the Nepal Himalaya. In addition, apnoea\u2010induced responses in HR, and splenic volume were measured before and after two separate voluntary maximal apnoeas (A1\u2013A2) at 1400, 3440 and 4240\u00a0m. Resting spleen volume decreased \u221214.3% (\u221215.2\u00a0ml) per 1000\u00a0m with ascent, from 140\u00a0\u00b1\u00a041\u00a0ml (1400\u00a0m) to 108\u00a0\u00b1\u00a028\u00a0ml\u00a0(3440\u00a0m; P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0>\u00a00.99), 94\u00a0\u00b1\u00a022\u00a0ml (4240\u00a0m; P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.009) and 84\u00a0\u00b1\u00a028\u00a0ml (5160\u00a0m; P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.029), with concomitant increases in [Hb] from 125\u00a0\u00b1\u00a018.3\u00a0g\u00a0l\u22121<\/jats:sup> (1400\u00a0m) to 128\u00a0\u00b1\u00a010.4\u00a0g\u00a0l\u22121<\/jats:sup> (3440\u00a0m), 138.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a012.7\u00a0g\u00a0l\u22121<\/jats:sup> (4240\u00a0m) and 157.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08\u00a0g\u00a0l\u22121<\/jats:sup> (5160\u00a0m; P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.021). Apnoea\u2010induced splenic contraction was 50\u00a0\u00b1\u00a015\u00a0ml (1400\u00a0m), 44\u00a0\u00b1\u00a017\u00a0ml (3440\u00a0m; P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0>\u00a00.99) and 26\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08\u00a0ml (4240\u00a0m; P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.002), but was not consistently associated with increases in [Hb]. The apnoea\u2010induced bradycardia was more pronounced at 3440\u00a0m (A1: P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.04; A2: P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.094) and at 4240\u00a0m (A1: P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.037 A2: P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.006) compared to values at 1400\u00a0m. We conclude that hypoxia\u2010induced splenic contraction at rest (a) may contribute to restoring arterial oxygen content through its [Hb]\u2010enhancing contractile function and (b) eliminates further apnoea\u2010induced [Hb] increases in hypoxia. We suggest that tonic splenic contraction may contribute to haematological acclimatization early in HA ascent in humans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep088571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]],"date-time":"2020-09-27T08:25:10Z","timestamp":1601195110000},"page":"160-174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The effects of high altitude ascent on splenic contraction and the diving response during voluntary apnoea"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Pontus K.","family":"Holmstr\u00f6m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Mid Sweden University \u00d6stersund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan D.","family":"Bird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Faculty of Science and Technology Mount Royal University Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3203-0461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott F.","family":"Thrall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Faculty of Science and Technology Mount Royal University Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Kalker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Faculty of Science and Technology Mount Royal University Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Radboud University Nijmegen Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittney A.","family":"Herrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Faculty of Science and Technology Mount Royal University Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan E.","family":"Soriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Faculty of Science and Technology Mount Royal University Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah M.","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Faculty of Science and Technology Mount Royal University Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahrah H.","family":"Rampuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Faculty of Science and Technology Mount Royal University Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom D.","family":"Brutsaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science Syracuse University Syracuse NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d8yvind","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre Mid Sweden University \u00d6stersund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingma T.","family":"Sherpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kunde Hospital Khunde Solukhumbu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5477-9265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika K. 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