{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T14:55:47Z","timestamp":1763564147580,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19H03998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19H03998"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>New Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:bold>What is the central question of this study?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Increased respiratory muscle activation is associated with neural and cardiovascular consequences via the respiratory muscle\u2010induced metaboreflex. Does ageing and\/or sex influence the arterial blood pressure response during voluntary normocapnic incremental hyperpnoea?<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:bold>What is the main finding and its importance?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>The increase in blood pressure during hyperpnoea was smaller in younger females than in older females, whereas no difference was found between older males and older females. The blunted respiratory muscle\u2010induced metaboreflex in younger females is normalized with advancing age, whereas ageing has no such effect in males.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We hypothesized that older females (OF) have a greater arterial blood pressure response to increased respiratory muscle work compared with younger females (YF) and that no such difference exists between older males (OM) and younger males (YM). To test these hypotheses, cardiovascular responses during voluntary normocapnic incremental hyperpnoea were evaluated and compared between older and younger subjects. An incremental respiratory endurance test (IRET) was performed as follows: target minute ventilation was initially set at 30% of the maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV12) and was increased by 10% of MVV12 every 3\u00a0min. The test was terminated when the subject could not maintain the target percentage of MVV12. Heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were recorded continuously. The increase in MAP from baseline (\u0394MAP) during the IRET in OM (+24.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a014.7\u00a0mmHg, mean \u00b1 SD) did not differ (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.144) from that in YM (+24.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a013.4\u00a0mmHg), but it was greater (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.004) in OF (+31.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a011.6\u00a0mmHg) than in YF (+10.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.5\u00a0mmHg). No significant difference in \u0394MAP during the IRET was observed between OM and OF (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.975). These results suggest that the respiratory muscle\u2010induced metaboreflex is blunted in YF, but it could be normalized with advancing age. In males, ageing has little effect on the respiratory muscle\u2010induced metaboreflex. These results show no sex difference in the respiratory muscle\u2010induced metaboreflex in older adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep089171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T06:14:34Z","timestamp":1610691274000},"page":"736-747","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Age and sex differences in blood pressure responses during hyperpnoea"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Kaori","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Education and Human Development Nagoya University  Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kana","family":"Shiozawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports and Fitness Faculty of Wellness Shigakkan University  Obu Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya University  Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Ishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya University  Nagoya Japan"},{"name":"Research Center of Health Physical Fitness and Sports Nagoya University  Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitsuru","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physiology Laboratory Toyota Technological Institute  Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sahiro","family":"Mizuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Health Physical Fitness and Sports Nagoya University  Nagoya Japan"},{"name":"Research Fellowship for Young Scientists of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Akima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Education and Human Development Nagoya University  Nagoya Japan"},{"name":"Research Center of Health Physical Fitness and Sports Nagoya University  Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7245-3496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keisho","family":"Katayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya University  Nagoya Japan"},{"name":"Research Center of Health Physical Fitness and Sports Nagoya University  Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00183.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.166.4.518"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1479972316674412"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"696","article-title":"Maximal respiratory pressures: Normal values and relationship to age and sex","volume":"99","author":"Black L. 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