{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T22:34:49Z","timestamp":1784673289302,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,17]],"date-time":"2022-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL096782\u201001A2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL096782\u201001A2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002773","name":"Cain Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002773","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>New Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:bold>What is the central question of the study?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>What are the sex differences in ventilatory responses during exercise in adults with obesity?<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:bold>What is the main finding and its importance?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Tidal volume and expiratory flows are lower in females when compared with males at higher levels of ventilation despite small increases in end\u2010expiratory lung volumes. Since dyspnoea on exertion is a frequent complaint, particularly in females with obesity, careful attention should be paid to unpleasant respiratory symptoms and mechanical ventilatory constraints while prescribing exercise.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Obesity is associated with altered ventilatory responses, which may be exacerbated in females due to the functional consequences of sex\u2010related morphological differences in the respiratory system. This study examined sex differences in ventilatory responses during exercise in adults with obesity. Healthy adults with obesity (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a073; 48 females) underwent pulmonary function testing, underwater weighing, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a graded exercise test to exhaustion, and two constant work rate exercise tests; one at a fixed work rate (60\u00a0W for females and 105\u00a0W for males) and one at a relative intensity (50% of peak oxygen uptake, ). Metabolic, respiratory and perceptual responses were assessed during exercise. Compared with males, females used a smaller proportion of their ventilatory capacity at peak exercise (69.13\u00a0\u00b1\u00a014.49 vs. 77.41\u00a0\u00b1\u00a017.06% maximum voluntary ventilation, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.0374). Females also utilized a smaller proportion of their forced vital capacity (FVC) at peak exercise (tidal volume: 48.51\u00a0\u00b1\u00a09.29 vs. 54.12\u00a0\u00b1\u00a010.43%FVC, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.0218). End\u2010expiratory lung volumes were 2\u20134% higher in females compared with males during exercise (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.05), while end\u2010inspiratory lung volumes were similar. Since the males were initiating inspiration from a lower lung volume, they experienced greater expiratory flow limitation during exercise. Ratings of perceived breathlessness during exercise were similar between females and males at comparable levels of ventilation. In summary, sex differences in the manifestations of obesity\u2010related mechanical ventilatory constraints were observed. Since dyspnoea on exertion is a common complaint in patients with obesity, particularly in females, exercise prescriptions should be tailored with the goal of minimizing unpleasant respiratory sensations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep090309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T15:12:29Z","timestamp":1656601949000},"page":"965-977","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Sex differences in the ventilatory responses to exercise in mild to moderate obesity"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3358-2169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dharini M.","family":"Bhammar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and UT Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas TX USA"},{"name":"Center for Tobacco Research Division of Medical Oncology Department of Internal Medicine The Ohio State University  Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2642-7083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryce N.","family":"Balmain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and UT Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony G.","family":"Babb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and UT Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vipa","family":"Bernhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and UT Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas TX USA"},{"name":"Department of Health &amp; Human Performance Texas A&amp;M University \u2010 Commerce  Commerce TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/144.5.1202"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-021-04690-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2018.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00235.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.82.3.746"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e318267c0d2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200706-875OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-1728"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202006-746OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.2.393"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2014.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0081-2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-0896"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2015.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2016.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"696","article-title":"Maximal respiratory pressures: Normal values and relationship to age and sex","volume":"99","author":"Black L. 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