{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:43:22Z","timestamp":1791312202723,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bed rest and limb immobilization are models of muscle disuse associated with skeletal muscle atrophy and reduced strength. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the impact of protein or amino acid provision before and\/or during a period of muscle disuse on muscle atrophy (primary outcome), strength and muscle protein synthesis (secondary outcomes) following a disuse period. We performed a systematic review of Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science, PubMed and Clinical Trials in December 2022. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials that combined a dietary protein or amino acid intervention versus control during an experimental model of disuse (bed rest or unilateral limb immobilization) in healthy individuals aged \u226518 years. Nine articles from eight independent trials were identified and rated for risk of bias by two authors. A meta\u2010analysis of muscle mass data revealed no effect (standardized mean difference: 0.2; 95% confidence interval: \u22120.18 to 0.57, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.31) of protein\/amino acid intervention in preventing disuse\u2010induced muscle atrophy. Although the meta\u2010analysis was not conducted on strength or muscle protein synthesis data, there was insufficient evidence in the reviewed articles to support the use of protein\/amino acid provision in mitigating the disuse\u2010induced decline in either outcome measurement. Additional high\u2010quality studies, including the reporting of randomization procedures and blinding procedures and the provision of statistical analysis plans, might be required to determine whether protein or amino acid provision serves as an effective strategy to attenuate muscle atrophy during periods of disuse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep090434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T05:39:20Z","timestamp":1709271560000},"page":"873-888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The effect of protein or amino acid provision on immobilization\u2010induced muscle atrophy in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Alix K.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Rooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Pollock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver C.","family":"Witard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2020.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00847.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glz003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29819"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050635"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2009.01.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"E122","article-title":"An abundant supply of amino acids enhances the metabolic effect of exercise on muscle protein","volume":"273","author":"Biolo G.","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.0575f.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1502"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01346.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/37\/4\/596"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00415.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","author":"Deeks J.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","article-title":"Nutrition, anabolism, and the wound healing process: An overview","volume":"9","author":"Demling R. 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