{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T17:36:43Z","timestamp":1784137003874,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32201276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32201276"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Long\u2010term weightlessness in animals can cause changes in myocardial structure and function, in which mitochondria play an important role. Here, a tail suspension (TS) Kunming mouse (<jats:italic>Mus musculus<\/jats:italic>) model was used to simulate the effects of weightlessness on the heart. We investigated the effects of 2 and 4\u00a0weeks of TS (TS2 and TS4) on myocardial mitochondrial ultrastructure and oxidative respiratory function and on the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis and mitochondrial fission, autophagy and fusion\u2010related signalling. Our study revealed significant changes in the ultrastructural features of cardiomyocytes in response to TS. The results showed: (1) mitochondrial swelling and disruption of cristae in TS2, but mitochondrial recovery and denser cristae in TS4; (2) an increase in the total number of mitochondria and number of sub\u2010mitochondria in TS4; (3) no significant changes in the nuclear ultrastructure or DNA fragmentation among the two TS groups and the control group; (4) an increase in the bax\/bcl\u20102 protein levels in the two TS groups, indicating increased activation of the bax\u2010mediated apoptosis pathway; (5) no change in the phosphorylation ratio of dynamin\u2010related protein 1 in the two TS groups; (6) an increase in the protein levels of optic atrophy 1 and mitofusin 2 in the two TS groups; and (7) in comparison to the TS2 group, an increase in the phosphorylation ratio of parkin and the ratio of LC3II to LC3I in TS4, suggesting an increase in autophagy. Taken together, these findings suggest that mitochondrial autophagy and fusion levels increased after 4\u00a0weeks of TS, leading to a restoration of the bax\u2010mediated myocardial apoptosis pathway observed after 2\u00a0weeks of TS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep090518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T08:25:30Z","timestamp":1691742330000},"page":"1189-1202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Loss and recovery of myocardial mitochondria in mice under different tail suspension time: Apoptosis and mitochondrial fission, fusion and autophagy"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4950-9954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Qufu Normal University  Qufu Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing\u2010Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Qufu Normal University  Qufu Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya\u2010Fei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Qufu Normal University  Qufu Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuan\u2010Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Qufu Normal University  Qufu Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Qufu Normal University  Qufu Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming\u2010Yue","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Qufu Normal University  Qufu Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi\u2010Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Qufu Normal University  Qufu Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao\u2010Xuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Qufu Normal University  Qufu Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong\u2010Zhen","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Qufu Normal University  Qufu Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin\u2010Hui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Qufu Normal University  Qufu Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.565751"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2005877117"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0689-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10059-011-0276-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2014.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz172"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1990.69.6.2091"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.286740"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.25176"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22947"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"91","article-title":"MicroRNA\u201098 reduces amyloid \u03b2\u2010protein production and improves oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction through the Notch signaling pathway via HEY2 in Alzheimer's disease mice","volume":"43","author":"Chen F. Z.","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.84.2.593"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-1136-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2020.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43630-023-00382-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2016.6705"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2020.1720427"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34091"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.151.2.333"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.4729"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3094"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20156"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Remarkable preservation of Ca2+ homeostasis and inhibition of apoptosis contribute to anti\u2010muscle atrophy effect in hibernating Daurian ground squirrels","volume":"6","author":"Fu W. W.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-013-1170-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54743-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2013.05.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.626117"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200704112"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/EP085299"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18753-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2012.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2019.1569441"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2016-0363"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-022-02530-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201402104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2015.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4298-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-0436.2006.00118.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Histopathological alterations of the rat myocardium under simulated microgravity","volume":"20","author":"Kim Y.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical Science and Flight Operation"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2020.110547"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-8581com"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.199562"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2694-7_26"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2003.10.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20555"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026108812322"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1087"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44468-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01253-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Mechanism of mitochondrial fission \u2013 structure and function of Drp1 protein","volume":"62","author":"Michalska B.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postepy Biochemii"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/62.7.687"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00969.2001"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Cytochrome C content and mitochondrial activity in rat's cardiac and skeletal muscle cells in the course of 3\u2010day gravitational unloading","volume":"48","author":"Ogneva I. V.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aviakosmicheskaia I Ekologicheskaia Meditsina"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006873518427"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.2.645"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00925.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-152833-1.50017-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.08.138"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.2.S33"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.044933"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10050796"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399812666160217122530"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2021.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34205-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.181"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.22-036"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(96)00989-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2006.12.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20170104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2020.04.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101712"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00840.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2018.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-0602-4_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2020.110766"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bb.15.060186.000525"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2017.07.010"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","article-title":"Different fuel regulation in two types of myofiber results in different antioxidant strategies in Daurian ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus) during hibernation","volume":"224","author":"Xu S. H.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28557-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.84.2.479"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201541486"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8768327"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9020150"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-245654"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.05.035"}],"container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/EP090518","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T17:08:19Z","timestamp":1743872899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1113\/EP090518"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1113\/EP090518"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/ep090518","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0958-0670","1469-445X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0958-0670","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-445X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-04-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-07-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-08-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}