{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T03:09:24Z","timestamp":1788491364101,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>New Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"><jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:bold>What is the central question of this study?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><jats:p>Exposure to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) evokes redox changes, culminating in impaired upper airway muscle function: what is the specific source of CIH\u2010induced reactive oxygen species?<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:bold>What is the main finding and its importance?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><jats:p>Profound sternohyoid muscle dysfunction following exposure to CIH was entirely prevented by apocynin co\u2010treatment or NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) deletion. The results have implications for human obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and point to antioxidant intervention, potentially targeting NOX2 blockade, as a therapeutic strategy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exposure to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) evokes redox changes, culminating in impaired upper airway muscle function. We sought to determine if NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2)\u2010derived reactive oxygen species underpin CIH\u2010induced maladaptive changes in upper airway (sternohyoid) muscle performance. Adult male mice (C57BL\/6J) were assigned to one of three groups: normoxic controls (sham); CIH\u2010exposed (CIH, 12 cycles\/hour, 8 h\/day for 14 days); and CIH + apocynin (NOX2 inhibitor, 2\u00a0mM) given in the drinking water throughout exposure to CIH. In addition, we studied sham and CIH\u2010exposed NOX2\u2010null mice (B6.129S\u2010<jats:italic>CybbTM<jats:sup>1Din<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\/J<\/jats:sup>). Profound sternohyoid muscle dysfunction following exposure to CIH was entirely prevented by apocynin co\u2010treatment or NOX2 deletion. Exposure to CIH increased sternohyoid muscle NOX enzyme activity, with no alteration to the gene or protein expression of NOX subunits. There was no evidence of overt oxidative stress, muscle regeneration, inflammation or atrophy following exposure to CIH. We suggest that NOX\u2010dependent CIH\u2010induced upper airway muscle weakness increases vulnerability to upper airway obstruction. Our results have implications for human obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and point to antioxidant intervention, potentially targeting NOX2 blockade, as a therapeutic strategy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep090536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T23:25:03Z","timestamp":1655853903000},"page":"946-964","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["NADPH oxidase 2 is necessary for chronic intermittent hypoxia\u2010induced sternohyoid muscle weakness in adult male mice"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6122-0408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Drummond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology School of Medicine College of Medicine &amp; Health University College Cork Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology School of Medicine College of Medicine &amp; Health University College Cork Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah El","family":"Maghrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology School of Medicine College of Medicine &amp; Health University College Cork Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Ziegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology School of Medicine College of Medicine &amp; Health University College Cork Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Healy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology School of Medicine College of Medicine &amp; Health University College Cork Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8832-1153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ken D.","family":"O'Halloran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology School of Medicine College of Medicine &amp; Health University College Cork Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000154560.88933.7E"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00686"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00176.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5814"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00756.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.239"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2005.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP276954"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8120581"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP274792"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.6.9809052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1245049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2011.01822.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2008.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103713"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-73693-8_80"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.91496.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M600451200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.3.2103028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2010.00712.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2011.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1312"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2002.0261"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2008.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","first-page":"611","article-title":"Effects of Shen\u2010Mai injection on sternohyoid contractile properties in chronic intermittent hypoxia rat","volume":"28","author":"Liu S. 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