{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T03:28:53Z","timestamp":1783049333175,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mechanisms driving hyperthermic hyperventilation during exercise are unclear. In a series of retrospective analyses, we evaluated the impact of combined versus isolated dehydration and hyperthermia and the effects of sympathoadrenal discharge on ventilation and pulmonary gas exchange during prolonged intense exercise. In the first study, endurance\u2010trained males performed two submaximal cycling exercise trials in the heat. On day 1, participants cycled until volitional exhaustion (135\u00a0\u00b1 11\u00a0min) while experiencing progressive dehydration and hyperthermia. On day 2, participants maintained euhydration and\u00a0core temperature (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>) during a time\u2010matched exercise (control). At rest and during the first 20\u00a0min of exercise, pulmonary ventilation (), arterial blood gases, CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> output and O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> uptake were similar in both trials. At 135\u00a0\u00b1\u00a011\u00a0min, however,  was elevated with dehydration and hyperthermia, and this was accompanied by lower arterial partial pressure of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, higher breathing frequency, arterial partial pressure of O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, arteriovenous CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> differences, and elevated CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> output and unchanged O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> uptake despite a reduced pulmonary circulation. The increased  was closely related to the rise in <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub> and circulating catecholamines (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0\u2265\u00a00.818, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0\u2264\u00a00.034). In three additional studies in different participants, hyperthermia independently increased  to an extent similar to combined dehydration and hyperthermia, whereas prevention of hyperthermia in dehydrated individuals restored  to control levels. Furthermore, adrenaline infusion during exercise elevated both <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub> and . These findings indicate that: (1) adjustments in pulmonary gas exchange limit homeostatic disturbances in the face of a blunted pulmonary circulation; (2) hyperthermia is the main stimulus increasing ventilation during prolonged intense exercise; and (3) sympathoadrenal activation might partly mediate the hyperthermic hyperventilation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep090909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T17:26:11Z","timestamp":1673285171000},"page":"188-206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange during prolonged exercise in humans: Influence of dehydration, hyperthermia and sympathoadrenal activity"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8205-3311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Alonso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sport Health and Exercise Sciences Department of Life Sciences Brunel University London  Uxbridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9215-6234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A. L.","family":"Calbet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education &amp; Research Institute for Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS) University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria  Gran Canaria Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physical Performance Norwegian School of Sport Sciences  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9252-4933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Mora\u2010Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences University of Castilla\u2010La Mancha  Toledo Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8443-0248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascale","family":"Kippelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sport Health and Exercise Sciences Department of Life Sciences Brunel University London  Uxbridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1982.tb04961.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1972.sp009941"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1980.tb00577.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00932.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1956.9.1.25"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","volume-title":"The lung, clinical physiology and pulmonary function","author":"Comroe J. 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