{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:59:00Z","timestamp":1785524340110,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many studies have reported that ambient heat stress increases physiological and perceptual strain and impairs endurance exercise, but effects of air temperature per se remain almost unexamined. Most studies have used matched <jats:italic>relative<\/jats:italic> humidity, thereby exponentially increasing <jats:italic>absolute<\/jats:italic> humidity (water content in air) concurrently with temperature. Absolute (not relative) humidity governs evaporative rate and is more important at higher work rates and air temperatures. Therefore, we examined the independent effects of air temperature and humidity on performance, thermal, cardiovascular and perceptual measures during endurance exercise. Utilizing a crossover design, 14 trained participants (7 females) completed 45\u00a0min fixed\u2010intensity cycling (70% ) followed by a 20\u2010km time trial in each of four environments: three air temperatures at matched absolute humidity (Cool, 18\u00b0C; Moderate, 27\u00b0C; and Hot, 36\u00b0C; at 1.96\u00a0kPa, air velocity \u223c4.5\u00a0m\/s), and one at elevated humidity (Hot Humid, 36\u00b0C at 3.92\u00a0kPa). Warmer air caused warmer skin (0.5\u00b0C\/\u00b0C; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), higher heart rate (1\u00a0bpm\/\u00b0C; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), sweat rate (0.04\u00a0l\/h\/\u00b0C; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and thermal perceptions during fixed\u2010intensity exercise, but minimally affected core temperature (&lt;0.01\u00b0C\/\u00b0C; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.053). Time\u2010trial performance was comparable between Cool and Moderate (95% CI: \u20131.4, 5.9%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.263), but 3.6\u20136% slower in Hot (95% CI: \u00b12.4%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0\u2264\u00a00.006). Elevated humidity increased core temperature (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), perceived temperature and discomfort but not skin temperature or heart rate, and reduced mean blood pressure (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.046) during fixed\u2010intensity exercise. Elevated humidity impaired time\u2010trial performance by 3.4% (95% CI: \u00b12.2%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.006). In conclusion, these findings quantify the importance of absolute humidity alongside air temperature when exercising under severe heat stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep090969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T14:31:42Z","timestamp":1671546702000},"page":"207-220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Delineating the impacts of air temperature and humidity for endurance exercise"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4053-2410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elliott J.","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education Sport and Exercise Sciences University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"},{"name":"Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences Cardiff Metropolitan University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0024-5433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holly A.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences Dunedin School of Medicine University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4042-795X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason K. W.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology National University of Singapore  Singapore"},{"name":"Heat Resilience and Performance Centre Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore"},{"name":"Human Potential Translational Research Programme Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Physiology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore"},{"name":"Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE)  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4214-8543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toby","family":"M\u00fcndel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Exercise and Nutrition Massey University  Palmerston North New 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