{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T12:36:29Z","timestamp":1756384589505,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rucksack marches (\u2018rucks\u2019) are strenuous, military\u2010relevant exercises that may benefit from pre\u2010event fuelling. The purpose of this investigation was to explore whether acute ingestion of carbohydrate\u2010 or lipid\u2010based nutritional bars before rucking can elicit unique advantages that augment exercise performance. Recreationally active and healthy males (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a029) were randomized and counterbalanced to consume 1000\u00a0kcal derived from a novel, energy\u2010dense (percentage energy from carbohydrate\/fat\/protein: 5\/83\/12) ketogenic bar (KB), or isocaloric high\u2010carbohydrate bars (CB; 61\/23\/16) 3\u00a0h before a time\u2010to\u2010exhaustion (TTE) ruck. Conditions were separated by a 1\u2010week washout. The rucksack weight was standardized to 30% of bodyweight. Steady\u2010state treadmill pace was set at 3.2\u00a0km\/h (0.89\u00a0m\/s) and 14% grade. TTE was the primary outcome; respiratory exchange ratio (RER), capillary ketones (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\u2010\u03b2\u2010hydroxybutyrate), glucose and lactate, plus subjective thirst\/hunger were the secondary outcomes. Mean TTE was similar between conditions (KB: 55\u00a0\u00b1\u00a025\u00a0vs. CB: 54\u00a0\u00b1\u00a022\u00a0min; <jats:italic>P\u00a0=<\/jats:italic>\u00a00.687). The RER and substrate oxidation rates revealed greater fat and carbohydrate oxidation after the KB and CB, respectively (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001). Capillary <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\u2010\u03b2HB increased modestly after the KB ingestion (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001). Neither bar influenced glycaemia. Lactate increased during the ruck independent of the condition (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001). Thirst\/fullness perceptions changed independent of the nutritional bar consumed. A novel KB nutritional bar produced equivalent TTE ruck results to the isocaloric CBs. The KB's energy density relative to CB (6.6\u00a0vs. 3.8\u00a0kcal\/g) may provide a lightweight (\u201342% weight), pre\u2010event fuelling alternative that does not compromise ruck physical performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep091029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T05:38:45Z","timestamp":1678772325000},"page":"715-727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Metabolic and ruck performance effects of a novel, light\u2010weight, energy\u2010dense ketogenic bar"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Alex","family":"Buga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences The Ohio State University  Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris D.","family":"Crabtree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences The Ohio State University  Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7323-7357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justen T.","family":"Stoner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences The Ohio State University  Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Drew D.","family":"Decker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences The Ohio State University  Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bradley T.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences The Ohio State University  Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madison L.","family":"Kackley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences The Ohio State University  Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teryn N.","family":"Sapper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences The Ohio State University  Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey D.","family":"Buxton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science Grove City College  Grove City PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominic P.","family":"D'Agostino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pharmacology &amp; Physiology University of South Florida  Tampa FL USA"},{"name":"Human Health, Resilience, and Performance Institute of Human and Machine Cognition  Pensacola FL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tyler S.","family":"McClure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Health, Resilience, and Performance Institute of Human and Machine Cognition  Pensacola FL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Berardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science Grove City College  Grove City PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shawn","family":"Cline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science Grove City College  Grove City PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"Fleck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science Grove City College  Grove City PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jared","family":"Krout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science Grove City College  Grove City PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doran","family":"Newby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science Grove City College  Grove City PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew P.","family":"Koutnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pharmacology &amp; 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