{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:23:01Z","timestamp":1787016181333,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The dive response, or the \u2018master switch of life\u2019, is probably the most studied physiological trait in marine mammals and is thought to conserve the available O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    for the heart and brain. Although generally thought to be an autonomic reflex, several studies indicate that the cardiovascular changes during diving are anticipatory and can be conditioned. The respiratory adaptations, where the aquatic breathing pattern resembles intermittent breathing in land mammals, with expiratory flow exceeding 160\u00a0litres s\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    has been measured in cetaceans, and where exposure to extreme pressures results in alveolar collapse (atelectasis) and recruitment upon ascent. Cardiorespiratory coupling, where breathing results in changes in heart rate, has been proposed to improve gas exchange. Cardiorespiratory coupling has also been reported in marine mammals, and in the bottlenose dolphin, where it alters both heart rate and stroke volume. When accounting for this respiratory dependence on cardiac function, several studies have reported an absence of a diving\u2010related bradycardia except during dives that exceed the duration that is fuelled by aerobic metabolism. This review summarizes what is known about the respiratory physiology in marine mammals, with a special focus on cetaceans. The cardiorespiratory coupling is reviewed, and the\n                    <jats:italic>selective gas exchange<\/jats:italic>\n                    hypothesis is summarized, which provides a testable mechanism for how breath\u2010hold diving vertebrates may actively prevent uptake of N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    during routine dives, and how stress results in failure of this mechanism, which results in diving\u2010related gas emboli.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep091095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T00:39:35Z","timestamp":1700095175000},"page":"324-334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Cardiorespiratory adaptations in small cetaceans and marine mammals"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8675-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Fahlman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Diving Research SL  Valencia Spain"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Oceanogr\u00e0fic de la Comunidad Valenciana  Valencia Spain"},{"name":"Kolm\u00e5rden Wildlife Park  Kolm\u00e5rden Sweden"},{"name":"IFM Link\u00f6ping University  Link\u00f6ping Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adler A. Brabant O. Fahlman A. Gleiss A. Nasser El Harake T. &Mosing M.(2021).Feasibility of thoracic impedance measurements in seawater. InProceedings conference electrical impedance tomography(pp.67).Galway Ireland.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429399886-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1981.240.2.H190"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"Extremes in human breath hold, facial immersion bradycardia","volume":"12","author":"Arnold R. W.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Undersea Biomedical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.63.2.171"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1441026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.2533"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","volume-title":"Lecons sur la physiologie comparee de la respiration","author":"Bert P.","year":"1870"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.234096"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0223"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.179.1.159"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00128"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.202.9.1091"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/212407a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mms.13023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.669158"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00142"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ventilation and gas exchange before and after voluntary static surface breath\u2010holds in clinically healthy bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus","volume":"222","author":"Fahlman A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.604018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00838"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.119149"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1234432"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.226365"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45064-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.126870"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.598633"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Resting metabolic rate and lung function in fasted and fed rough\u2010toothed dolphins, Steno bredanensis","author":"Fahlman A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Marine Mammal Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.216846"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.017251"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-006-0083-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02790"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.0482"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/223207a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2015.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15698"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1981.241.4.H620"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.2088"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.028365"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7192883"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Physiology of a small cetacean","volume":"48","author":"Kanwisher J.","year":"1965","journal-title":"Hvalr\u00e5dets Skrifter"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/13.2.457"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","first-page":"166","article-title":"Physiology without restraint in diving mammals","volume":"1","author":"Kooyman G. L.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(72)90465-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.54.1.30155804"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.55.1.30158447"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","first-page":"138","volume-title":"Department of Animal Science","author":"Kriete B.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","first-page":"485","article-title":"Comparative mammalian respiratory mechanics","volume":"19","author":"Leith D. E.","year":"1976","journal-title":"The Physiologist"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1972.222.2.260"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(97)00049-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2012.0743"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000306"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2005.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.53.030191.000511"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c210041"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.093146"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2005.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/39.2.434"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.069583"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00576.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-90516-9.00005-1","volume-title":"The Physiology of Dolphins","author":"Piscitelli\u2010Doshkov M.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139045490"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2018-212136"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.146779"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","first-page":"590","volume-title":"Mammals of the sea: Biology and medicine","author":"Ridgway S. H.","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/256037a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Experimental investigations on the respiratory function in diving mammals and birds","volume":"22","author":"Scholander P. F.","year":"1940","journal-title":"Hvalr\u00e5dets Skrifter"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1263-92"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.198.11.2307"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1967.22.3.453"}],"container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/EP091095","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T02:26:04Z","timestamp":1709259964000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1113\/EP091095"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1113\/EP091095"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/ep091095","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0958-0670","1469-445X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0958-0670","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-445X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-07-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}