{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:21:11Z","timestamp":1787016071473,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["104101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["137094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["137094"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    At least four mechanisms have been proposed to elucidate how neurons in the retrotrapezoid (RTN) region sense changes in CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/H\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    to regulate breathing (i.e., function as respiratory chemosensors). These mechanisms include: (1) intrinsic neuronal sensitivity to H\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    mediated by TASK\u20102 and GPR4; (2) paracrine activation of RTN neurons by CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010responsive astrocytes (via a purinergic mechanism); (3) enhanced excitatory synaptic input or disinhibition; and (4) CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010induced vascular contraction. Although blood flow can influence tissue CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/H\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    levels, there is limited understanding of how control of vascular tone in central CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    chemosensitive regions might contribute to respiratory output. In this review, we focus on recent evidence that CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/H\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010induced purinergic\u2010dependent vasoconstriction in the ventral parafacial region near RTN neurons supports respiratory chemoreception. This mechanism appears to be unique to the ventral parafacial region and opposite to other brain regions, including medullary chemosensor regions, where CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/H\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    elicits vasodilatation. We speculate that this mechanism helps to maintain CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/H\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    levels in the vicinity of RTN neurons, thereby maintaining the drive to breathe. Important next steps include determining whether disruption of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/H\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    vascular reactivity contributes to or can be targeted to improve breathing problems in disease states, such as Parkinson's disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep091329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T10:18:05Z","timestamp":1703758685000},"page":"1837-1843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Update on vascular control of central chemoreceptors"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9789-8296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago S.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas Universidade de Sao Paulo  Sao Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel K.","family":"Mulkey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Neurobiology University of Connecticut  Storrs Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6273-0760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana C.","family":"Takakura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas Universidade de Sao Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo 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