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This is important because of the changes to arterial blood gases leading to an increased drive to breath and the appearance of involuntary respiratory muscle contractions. This review outlines what is known about how the respiratory system responds to a maximal apnoea. We put forth the hypothesis that the respiratory muscles may become fatigued following a maximal apnoea and that the respiratory muscles of elite divers may be more fatigue\u2010resistant, which could be an important feature of these individuals which allows them to be successful in this sport. Finally, we provide direction for future work to explore the long\u2010term health of apnoea diving.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep091346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T23:24:44Z","timestamp":1732231484000},"page":"382-390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Respiratory system responses to a maximal apnoea"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2902-7787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin D.","family":"Hubbard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University  Flagstaff Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Troy J.","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heat and Health Research Centre, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1259-6230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Garrett Z.","family":"Merdich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University  Flagstaff Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Vrdoljak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology University of Split  Split Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikola","family":"Foretic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology University of Split  Split Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5542-5581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u017deljko","family":"Duji\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Physiology University of Split School of Medicine  Split Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0498-7095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph W.","family":"Duke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University  Flagstaff Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1963.18.1.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","volume-title":"AIDA official World Records History","author":"AIDA","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050294"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-201X.1968.tb10892.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1995.78.1.82"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/tnsci-2016-0003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/EP086269"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00271.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00221.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31821ff294"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(84)90003-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1982.53.5.1190"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP279755"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2012.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00209.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1956.8.5.519"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2010.01791.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182690e6a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","first-page":"e87598","volume-title":"PLoS One","author":"Cross T. 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