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Examples of intermittent breathing abound across the animal kingdom, from crustaceans to cetaceans. With respect to human physiology, intermittent breathing\u2014also termed \u2018periodic\u2019 or \u2018episodic\u2019 breathing\u2014is associated with a variety of pathologies. Cardiovascular phenomena associated with intermittent breathing in diving species have been termed \u2018diving bradycardia\u2019, \u2018submersion bradycardia\u2019, \u2018immersion bradycardia\u2019, \u2018ventilation tachycardia\u2019, \u2018respiratory sinus arrhythmia\u2019 and so forth. An examination across the literature of terminology applied to these physiological phenomena indicates, unfortunately, no attempt at standardization. This might be viewed as an esoteric semantic problem except for the fact that many of the terms variously used by different authors carry with them implicit or explicit suggestions of underlying physiological mechanisms and even human\u2010associated pathologies. In this article, we review several phenomena associated with diving and intermittent breathing, indicate the semantic issues arising from the use of each term, and make recommendations for best practice when applying specific terms to particular cardiorespiratory patterns. Ultimately, we emphasize that the biology\u2014not the semantics\u2014is what is important, but also stress that confusion surrounding underlying mechanisms can be avoided by more careful attention to terms describing physiological changes during intermittent breathing and diving.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep091784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T12:23:16Z","timestamp":1710850996000},"page":"1051-1065","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Breathing patterns and associated cardiovascular changes in intermittently breathing animals: (Partially) correcting a semantic quagmire"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8023-420X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Warren","family":"Burggren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences University of North Texas Denton Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8675-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Fahlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Oceanogr\u00e0fic Valencia Spain"},{"name":"Kolm\u00e5rden Wildlife Park Kolm\u00e5rden Sweden"},{"name":"IFM Linkoping University Linkoping Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0866-7489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Milsom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.183830"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201701-003FR"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2019.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.200.15.2083"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1964.19.3.479"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2011.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"279","article-title":"Sleep\u2010Related breathing and movement disorders in healthy elderly and demented subjects","volume":"7","author":"Bader G. 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