{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T01:13:23Z","timestamp":1789002803871,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007900","name":"University of Central Florida","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Doctoral Research Support Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Doctoral Research Support Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007900","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Limb immobilization causes rapid declines in muscle strength and mass. Given the role of the nervous system in immobilization\u2010induced weakness, targeted interventions may be able to preserve muscle strength, but not mass, and vice versa. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of two distinct interventions during 1 week of knee joint immobilization on muscle strength (isometric and concentric isokinetic peak torque), mass (bioimpedance spectroscopy and ultrasonography), and neuromuscular function (transcranial magnetic stimulation and interpolated twitch technique). Thirty\u2010nine healthy, college\u2010aged adults (21 males, 18 females) were randomized into one of four groups: immobilization only (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a09), immobilization + action observation\/mental imagery (AOMI) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a010), immobilization + neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a012), or control group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a08). The AOMI group performed daily video observation and mental imagery of knee extensions. The NMES group performed twice daily stimulation of the quadriceps femoris. Based on observed effect sizes, it appears that AOMI shows promise as a means of preserving voluntary strength, which may be modulated by neural adaptations. Strength increased from PRE to POST in the AOMI group, with +7.2% (Cohen's <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01.018) increase in concentric isokinetic peak torque at 30\u00b0\/s. However, NMES did not preserve muscle mass. Though preliminary, our findings highlight the specific nature of clinical interventions and suggest that muscle strength can be independently targeted during rehabilitation. This study was prospectively registered: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05072652.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep091827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T13:29:47Z","timestamp":1714483787000},"page":"1145-1162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Combined action observation and mental imagery versus neuromuscular electrical stimulation as novel therapeutics during short\u2010term knee immobilization"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5559-848X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kylie K.","family":"Harmon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science Syracuse University  Syracuse New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Girts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural and Health Sciences Pfeiffer University  Misenheimer North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences University of Central Florida Orlando Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"Beausejour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences University of Central Florida Orlando Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason I.","family":"Pagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences University of Central Florida Orlando Florida 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