{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T02:09:51Z","timestamp":1747188591194,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eccentric upper\u2010body exercise performed 24\u00a0h prior to high\u2010altitude decompression has previously been shown to aggravate venous gas emboli (VGE) load. Yet, it is unclear whether increasing the muscle mass recruited (i.e., upper vs. whole\u2010body) during eccentric exercise would exacerbate the decompression strain. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate whether the total muscle mass recruited during eccentric exercise influences the decompression strain. Eleven male participants were exposed to a simulated altitude of 24,000\u00a0ft for 90\u00a0min on three separate occasions. Twenty\u2010four hours before each exposure, participants performed one of the following protocols: (i) eccentric whole\u2010body exercise (ECCw; squats and arm\u2010cycling exercise), (ii) eccentric upper\u2010body exercise (ECCu; arm\u2010cycling), or (iii) no exercise (control). Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and isometric strength were evaluated before and after each exercise intervention. VGE load was evaluated at rest and after knee\u2010 and arm\u2010flex provocations using the 6\u2010graded Eftedal\u2013Brubakk scale. Knee extensor (\u221220\u00a0\u00b1\u00a014%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.001) but not elbow flexor (\u221212\u00a0\u00b1\u00a018%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.152) isometric strength was reduced 24\u00a0h after ECCw. ECCu reduced elbow flexor isometric strength at 24\u00a0h post\u2010exercise (\u221218\u00a0\u00b1\u00a010%, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.001). Elbow flexor DOMS was higher in the ECCu (median 6) compared with ECCw (5, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.035). VGE scores were higher following arm\u2010flex provocations in the ECCu (median (range), 3 (0\u20134)) compared with ECCw (2 (0\u20133), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.039) and control (0 (0\u20132), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.011), and in ECCw compared with control (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.023). VGE were detected earlier in ECCu (13\u00a0\u00b1\u00a020\u00a0min) compared with control (60\u00a0\u00b1\u00a038\u00a0min, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.021), while no differences were noted between ECCw (18\u00a0\u00b1\u00a030\u00a0min) and control or ECCu. Eccentric exercise increased the decompression strain compared with control. The VGE load varied depending on the body region but not the total muscle mass recruited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:bold>What is the central question of this study?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><jats:p>Does exercise\u2010induced muscle damage (EIMD) resulting from eccentric exercise influence the presence of venous gas emboli (VGE) during a 90\u00a0min continuous exposure at 24,000\u00a0ft?<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:bold>What is the main finding and its importance?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><jats:p>EIMD led to an earlier manifestation and greater VGE load compared with control. However, the decompression strain was dependent on the body region but not the total muscle mass recruited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep091853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T16:54:26Z","timestamp":1719420866000},"page":"1517-1528","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Eccentric exercise before a 90\u00a0min exposure at 24,000\u00a0ft increases decompression strain depending on body region but not total muscle mass recruited"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2623-2737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frode","family":"Gottschalk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Physiology Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center KTH Royal Institute of Technology  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Experimental Traumatology KI Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikael","family":"Gennser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Physiology Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center KTH Royal Institute of Technology  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology KI Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mattias","family":"G\u00fcnther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Experimental Traumatology KI Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ola","family":"Eiken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Physiology Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center KTH Royal Institute of Technology  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5991-0733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonis","family":"Elia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Physiology Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center KTH Royal Institute of Technology  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology KI Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2011.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-230-36355-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00586"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"666","article-title":"Aerobic exercise 2 hours before a dive to 30 msw decreases bubble formation after decompression","volume":"76","author":"Blatteau J. 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