{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T21:48:55Z","timestamp":1791668935622,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Skeletal muscle atrophy and dysfunction commonly accompany cardiovascular diseases such as peripheral arterial disease and may be partially attributable to systemic inflammation. We sought to determine whether acute systemic inflammation in a model of hindlimb ischaemia (HLI) could affect skeletal muscle macrophage infiltration, fibre size, or capillarization, independent of the ischaemia. Eight\u2010week\u2010old C57BL\/6 male mice underwent either Sham or HLI surgery, and were killed 1, 3, or 7 days post\u2010surgery. Circulating inflammatory cytokine concentrations were measured, as well as immune cell infiltration and morphology of skeletal muscle from both limbs of HLI and Sham mice. In HLI compared with Sham mice at day 1, plasma interleukin\u20101\u03b2 levels were 216% higher (0.48\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.10 vs. 0.15\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.01\u00a0pg\/\u03bcL, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.005) and decreased by day 3. This was followed by increased macrophage presence in muscle from both ischaemic and non\u2010ischaemic limbs of HLI mice by day 7 (7.3\u2010 and 2.3\u2010fold greater than Sham, respectively, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001). In HLI mice, muscle from the ischaemic limb had 21% lower fibre cross\u2010sectional area than the non\u2010ischaemic limb (724\u00a0\u00b1\u00a028 vs. 916\u00a0\u00b1\u00a046\u00a0\u03bcm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.01), but the non\u2010ischaemic limb of HLI mice was no different from Sham. This shows that HLI induces acute systemic inflammation accompanied by immune infiltration in both ischaemic and remote skeletal muscle; however, this did not induce skeletal muscle atrophy in remote muscle within the 7\u2010day time course of this study. This effect of local skeletal muscle ischaemia on the inflammatory status of remote skeletal muscle may signal a priming of muscle for subsequent atrophy over a longer time course.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:bold>What is the central question of this study?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><jats:p>Does hindlimb ischaemia\u2010induced inflammation cause acute immune, inflammatory and morphological alterations in remote non\u2010ischaemic skeletal muscle?<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:bold>What is the main finding and its importance?<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><jats:p>Hindlimb ischaemia induced systemic inflammation with subsequent neutrophil and macrophage infiltration in both ischaemic and non\u2010ischaemic skeletal muscle; however, morphological changes did not occur in non\u2010ischaemic muscle within 7 days. These immune alterations may have functional implications that take longer than 7 days to manifest, and subsequent or prolonged systemic inflammation and immune infiltration of muscle could lead to morphological changes and functional decline.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep091901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T12:20:59Z","timestamp":1718713259000},"page":"1604-1613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Unilateral hindlimb ischaemia\u2010induced systemic inflammation is associated with non\u2010ischaemic skeletal muscle inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"William S.","family":"Evans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology University of Maryland School of Public Health  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel S.","family":"Pena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology University of Maryland School of Public Health  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Gelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology University of Maryland School of Public Health  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Kuzmiak\u2010Glancy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology University of Maryland School of Public Health  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4627-6489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven J.","family":"Prior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology University of Maryland School of Public Health  College Park Maryland USA"},{"name":"Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center and Research and Development Service  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-017-0361-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00174.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00486.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00072.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00101-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13989"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2005.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00811"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001089"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.17346"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004281"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1981.tb06854.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.shk.0000055237.25446.80"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.903773"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"2295","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor inhibits human myogenesis in vitro","volume":"8","author":"Miller S. 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