{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T06:08:01Z","timestamp":1787206081703,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726704000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Respiratory function assessment is crucial in optimizing athletic performance, safeguarding respiratory health, and ensuring athletes can perform at their peak potential while minimizing the risk of respiratory\u2010related issues. The S\u2010Index Test is a dynamic evaluation of respiratory muscle strength. However, no comprehensive reference values regarding the S\u2010Index Test have been reported yet. A total of 597 participants performed the S\u2010Index Test. They were either well\u2010trained athletes (WTA), or e\u2010sports athletes (ESA), or age\u2010matched controls (AMC) groups. The differences in S\u2010Index Test results between sexes and for group\u2013sex, and performance calibre tier\u2013sex interactions were examined. The relationships between S\u2010Index Test results and age, anthropometric indices and training experience were assessed. Reference values for all the groups were provided. Amongst athletes, the highest values were observed in swimmers and rowers, and the lowest in figure skaters and runners. The S\u2010Index Test results were different for the group\u2013sex interaction (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.004, 151.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a029.0\u00a0cmH\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O for WTA males and 109.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a021.6\u00a0cmH\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O for WTA females, 136.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a028.0\u00a0cmH\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O for ESA males and 101.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a022.0\u00a0cmH\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O for ESA females, 128.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a028.8\u00a0cmH\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O for AMC males and 70.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a024.7\u00a0cmH\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O for AMC females) and higher in males than females (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001, 145.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a030.5\u00a0cmH\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O for males and 100.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a027.6\u00a0cmH\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O for females). The higher athletic level, presented as performance calibre tier, was not linked to higher respiratory muscle strength in the WTA group (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.094). However, the Bonferroni correction revealed that except for the singular tier in females, there was a significant effect for all the other tiers and sexes (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). The obtained results confirm that regardless of the level of physical activity, the anthropometric features are positively linked with respiratory muscle strength. Furthermore, age and training experience were positively correlated with the S\u2010Index Test results in the WTA group.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1113\/ep091938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T10:03:40Z","timestamp":1726740220000},"page":"1695-1704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Reference values for respiratory muscle strength measured with the S\u2010Index Test in well\u2010trained athletes, e\u2010sports athletes and age\u2010matched controls"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1333-1725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Kowalski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Institute of Sport\u2014National Research Institute  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Wilk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Institute of Sport\u2014National Research Institute  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Klusiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Health in Biala Podlaska, Faculty in Biala Podlaska Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Pawliczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Health in Biala Podlaska, Faculty in Biala Podlaska Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szczepan","family":"Wiecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Health in Biala Podlaska, Faculty in Biala Podlaska Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Szczepa\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Physiology Institute of Sport\u2014National Research Institute  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jadwiga","family":"Malczewska\u2010Lenczowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Physiology Institute of Sport\u2014National Research Institute  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01970"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2011.058800"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21470\/1678-9741-2019-0269"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"1107","article-title":"An approach to interpreting spirometry","volume":"69","author":"Barreiro T. 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An overview of some recommended measures of effect size","volume":"21","author":"Tomczak M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"TRENDS in Sport Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000656"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001851"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/njppp.2013.3.109-114"}],"container-title":["Experimental Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/EP091938","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1113\/EP091938","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1113\/EP091938","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T23:06:36Z","timestamp":1785971196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1113\/EP091938"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1113\/EP091938"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/ep091938","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0958-0670","1469-445X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0958-0670","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-445X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-04-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}